Literatur

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Gorillas

  • Bücher in englischer Sprache (Auswahl)

    Arcus Foundation (2014) Extractive industries and ape conservation. State of the Apes. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Arcus Foundation (2015) State of the Apes - Industrial Agriculture and Ape Conservation. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Arcus Foundation (2018) State of the Apes – Infrastructure Development and Ape Conservation. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Arcus Foundation (2020) State of the Apes Volume IV: Killing, Capture, Trade and Conservation. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Beck, B. B. et al. (Hrsg.) (2001) Great Apes & Humans. Washington, D. C. (Smithsonian Institution Press).

    Bourne, G. H. & Cohen, M. (1975) The gentle giants. New York (Putnam's Sons).

    Caldecott, J. & Miles, L. (Hrsg.) (2005) World Atlas of Great Apes. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London (University of California Press).

    Dixson, A. F. (1981) The natural history of the gorilla. New York (Columbia University Press).

    Eckhart, G. & Lanjouw, A. (2008) Mountain Gorillas: biology, conservation, and coexistence. Baltimore (The Johns Hopkins University Press).

    Fossey, D. (1983) Gorillas in the mist. London (Hodder and Stoughton).

    Galdikas, B. M. F. et al. (Hrsg.) (2001) All apes great and small. Vol. 1: African apes. New York (Kluwer Acad./Plenum).

    Goodall, A. (1979) The wandering gorillas. London (Collins).

    Groves, C. P. (1970) Gorillas. New York (Arco).

    Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (2007) Gorilla society: conflict, compromise, and cooperation between the sexes. Chicago, London (University of Chicago Press).

    Harvey, M. & Farris-Toussaint, L. (2008) Gorillas. The Gentle Giants. Evans Mitchell Books.

    Jones, C. & Sabater Pi, J. (1971) Comparative ecology of Gorilla gorilla (Savage and Wyman) and Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach) in Rio Muni, West Africa). Basel (Karger).

    Maple, T. & Hoff, M. P. (1982) Gorilla behavior. New York (Van Nostrand Reinhold).

    Parker, S. T. (Hrsg.) (1999) The mentalities of gorillas and orangutans. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Prince-Hughes, D. (2001) Gorillas among us. A primate ethnographer's book of days. Tucson (University of Arizona Press).

    Robbins, M. M. & Boesch, C. (eds.) (2011) Among African Apes. Stories and photos from the field. Berkeley (University of California Press).

    Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) (2001) Mountain Gorillas. Three Decades of Research at Karisoke. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Russon, A. & Wallis, J. (eds.; 2014) Primate Tourism: A Tool for Conservation? Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Schaller, G. B. (1963) The mountain gorilla. Chicago (Chicago University Press).

    Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) (2003) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Tuttle, R. H. (1986) Apes of the world. Noyes, Park Ridge.

    Yamagiwa, J. & Karczmarski, L. (eds.) (2014) Primates and Cetaceans: Field Research and Conservation of Complex Mammalian Societies (Primatology Monographs). Springer.

  • Bücher in deutscher Sprache

    Baumgärtel, W. (1960) König in Gorillaland. Stuttgart (Franckh).

    Baumgärtel, W. (1977) Unter Gorillas. Berlin (Universitas).

    Bourne, G. H. & Cohen, M. (1977) Die sanften Riesen. München (Kindler).

    Bürgel, P. H. & Hartwig, M. (1989) Bei den Berggorillas. Luzern (Kinderbuchverlag).

    Fossey, D. (1989) Gorillas im Nebel. München (Kindler).

    Godwin, S. (1994) Gorillas. München (Karl Müller).

    Haikal, M. (2013) Master Pongo. Ein Gorilla erobert Europa. Berlin (Transit).

    Haikal, M. (2016) Unheimliche Nähe. Menschenaffen als europäische Sensation. Leipzig (Passage-Verlag).

    Hess, J. (1989) Familie 5. Basel (Birkhäuser).

    Hess, J. (1996) Menschenaffen Mutter und Kind. Basel (Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag).

    Hess, J. (2011) Berggorillas - Eine Hommage. Basel (Echtzeit Verlag).

    Ingensiep, H. W. (2013) Der kultivierte Affe. Philosophie, Geschichte und Gegenwart. Stuttgart (Hirzel).

    Klotz, A. (2019) Perle Afrikas – Faszination Uganda. 3. Auflage. Rheinbach (Tipp4).

    Klotz, A. & Klotz, A. (2010) Berggorillas. Zu Besuch bei unseren Verwandten (Kinderbuch). Rheinbach (Tipp 4).

    Meder, A. (1993) Gorillas - Ökologie und Verhalten. Berlin, Heidelberg (Springer).

    Robbins, M. & Boesch, C. (Hrsg.) (2013) Menschenaffen. Begegnung mit unseren nächsten Verwandten. Stuttgart (Hirzel).

    Schaller, G. (1965) Unsere nächsten Verwandten. Bern (Scherz).

    Schuler, C. (2013) Leben und Überleben im Kongo. Gorillaschutz und Familienleben im Krieg. Altdorf (BfT Verlag).

    Sommer, V. & Ammann, K. (1998) Die großen Menschenaffen. München (BLV).

  • Anatomie

    Abitbol, M. M. (1991) Ontogeny and evolution of pelvic diameters in anthropoid primates and in Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288-1). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 85, 135-148.

    Barks, S. K. et al. (2015) Brain Organization of Gorillas Reflects Species Differences in Ecology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156, 252-262.

    Breuer, T. et al. (2012) Phenotypic correlates of male reproductive success in western gorillas. Journal of Human Evolution 62, 466-472.

    Caillaud, D. et al. (2008) Influence of male morphology on male mating status and behavior during interunit encounters in western lowland gorillas. Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 135, 379-388.

    Dean, M. C. et al. (1992) The natural history of tooth wear, continuous eruption and periodontal disease in wild shot great apes. J. hum. Evol. 22, 23-39.

    Ellis, R. A. & Montagna, W. (1962) The skin of the primates. VI. The skin of the gorilla. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 20, 79-94.

    Fischer, R. B. et al. (1982) Evidence of laterality in the lowland gorilla. Perceptual and Motor Skills 54, 1093-1094.

    Gould, K. G. & Martin, D. E. (1981) The female ape genital tract and its secretions. S. 105-125 in: Graham, D. (Hrsg.) Reproductive biology of the great apes: comparative and biomedical perspectives. New York (Academic Press).

    Gregory, W. K. (Hrsg.) (1950) The anatomy of the gorilla. New York (Columbia University Press).

    Hall-Craggs, E. C. B. (1962) The testis of Gorilla gorilla beringei. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 139, 511-514.

    Hill, W. C. O. & Matthews, L. H. (1949) The male external genitalia of the gorilla, with remarks on the os penis of other Hominoidea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 119, 363-378.

    Ishida, H. et al. (1975) Patterns of bipedal walking in anthropoid primates. Proceedings of the Symposia of the 5th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Tokyo, 287-302.

    Jabbour, R. S. & Pearman, T. L. (2016) Geographic variation in gorilla limb bones. Journal of Human Evolution 95, 68-79.

    L'Engle Williams, F. & Roban, R. (2007) Ontogeny and phylogeny of the pelvis in Gorilla, Pongo, Pan, Australopithecus and Homo. Folia primatologica 78, 99-117.

    Leutenegger, E. (1970) Beziehungen zwischen der Neugeborenengröße und dem Sexualdimorphismus am Becken bei simischen Primaten. Folia Primatologica 12, 224-235.

    Leutenegger, E. & Kelly, J. T. (1977) Relationship of sexual dimorphism in canine size and body size to social, behavioral and ecological correlates in anthropoid primates. Primates 18, 117-136.

    Leigh, S. L. et al. (2003) Morphological differentiation in Gorilla subspecies. S. 104-131 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    McGrath, K. et al. (2022) Facial asymmetry tracks genetic diversity among Gorilla subspecies. Proceedings Royal Society B 289, 20212564.

    Nadler, R. D. (1975) Cyclity in tumescence of the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas. Anatomical Record 181, 791-797.

    Noback, C. R. (1939) The changes in the vaginal smears and associated cyclic phenomena in the lowland gorilla. Anatomical Record 73, 209-225.

    O'Higgins, P. et al. (1990) Patterns of cranial sexual dimorphism in certain groups of extant hominoids. Journal of Zoology 222, 399-420.

    Rothschild, B. M. & Rühli, F. J. (2005) Comparison of arthritis characteristics in lowland Gorilla gorilla and mountain Gorilla beringei. American Journal of Primatology 66, 205-218.

    Sakka, M. (1986) Sexual dimorphism in great apes: The skull of the gorilla. Symp. of the Society for the Study of Human Biology 24, 79-103.

    Schultz, A. H. (1950) Morphological observations on gorillas. S. 227-254 in: Gregory, W. K. (Hrsg.) The anatomy of the gorilla. New Yoork (Columbia Univ. Press).

    Steiner, P. E. (1954) Anatomical observations on a Gorilla gorilla. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 12, 145-180.

    Stumpf, R. M. et al. (2003) Patterns of diversity in gorilla cranial morphology. S. 35-61 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Tuttle, R. H. & Watts, D. P. (1985) The positional behavior and adaptive complexes of Pan gorilla. S. 261-288 in: Kondo, S. et al. (Hrsg.) Primate locomotor behavior, morphophysiology, and bipedalism. Tokyo (Tokyo University Press).

  • Bestandsaufnahmen, Bedrohung, Schutz

    Akenji, L et al. (2019) Community-Based Monitoring of Cross River Gorillas in South West Region, Cameroon. African Primates 13, 29-38.

    Ammann, K. (2001) Bushmeat hunting and the great apes. S. 71-85 in: Beck, B. B. et al. (Hrsg.) Great Apes & Humans. Washington, D. C. (Smithsonian Institution Press).

    Archabald, K. & Naughton-Treves, L. (2001) Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities. Environmental Conservation 28, 135-149.

    Arcus Foundation (2014) Extractive industries and ape conservation. State of the Apes. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Arcus Foundation (2015) State of the Apes - Industrial Agriculture and Ape Conservation. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Arcus Foundation (2018) State of the Apes – Infrastructure Development and Ape Conservation. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Arcus Foundation (2020) State of the Apes Volume IV: Killing, Capture, Trade and Conservation. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Arnhem, E. et al. (2008) Selective logging, habitat quality and home range use by sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees: a case study from an active logging concession in southeast Cameroon. Folia primatologica 79, 1-14.

    Aveling, C. & Aveling, R. (1981) Mountain gorilla project: Progress report 4. Oryx 16, 135-137.

    Aveling, C. & Aveling, R. (1989) Gorilla conservation in Zaire. Oryx 23, 64-70.

    Aveling, C. & Harcourt, A. H. (1984) A census of the Virunga gorillas. Oryx 18, 8-13.

    Aveling, R. & Aveling, C. (1987) Report from the Zaire gorilla conservation project. Primate Conservation 8, 162-164.

    Bachmann, M. E. et al. (2020) Saving rodents, losing primates - Why we need tailored bushmeat management strategies. People and Nature 2020, 1 14.

    Baumgärtel, W. (1959) The last British gorillas. Geographical Magazine, London, 32, 32-41.

    Bergl, R. A. et al. (2012) Remote sensing analysis reveals habitat, dispersal corridors and expanded distribution for the Critically Endangered Cross River gorilla Gorilla gorilla diehli. Oryx 46, 278-289.

    Bermejo, M. (1999) Status and conservation of primates in Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. Oryx 33, 323-331.

    Bernhard, K. P. (2021) Effects of integrated conservation-development projects on unauthorized resource use in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: a mixed-methods spatio-temporal approach. Oryx 55 (4), 613-624.

    Blake, S. et al. (1995) Swamp gorillas in northern Congo. Afr. J. Ecol. 33, 285-290.

    Blom, A. et al. (2001) A survey of the apes in the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. African Journal of Ecology 39, 98-105.

    Blom, A. et al. (2004) Human impact on wildlife populations within a protected Central African forest. African Journal of Ecology 42, 8-22.

    Blom, A. et al. (2005) Factors influencing the distribution of large mammals within a protected central African forest. Oryx 39, 381-388.

    Bowen-Jones, E. & Pendry, S. (1999) The threat to primates and other mammals from the bushmeat trade in Africa, and how this threat could be diminished. Oryx 33, 233-246.

    Brittain, S. et al. (2022) The drivers of wild meat consumption in rural Cameroon: Insights for wild meat alternative project design. Conservation Science and Practice 4, e12700.

    Bützler, W. (1980) Présence et répartition des gorilles au Cameroun. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 28, 69-79.

    Butsic, V. et al. (2015) Conservation and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The impacts of warfare, mining, and protected areas on deforestation. Biological Conservation 191, 266-273.

    Butynski, T. (1991) Status, distribution and conservation of the mountain gorilla in the gorilla game reserve, Uganda. Gorilla Conservation News 5, 26-27.

    Butynski, T. (2001) Africa's great apes. S. 3-56 in: Beck, B. B., et al. (Hrsg.) Great Apes & Humans. Washington, D. C. (Smithsonian Institution Press).

    Caldecott, J. & Miles, L. (Hrsg.) (2005) World Atlas of Great Apes. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London (University of California Press).

    Carroll, R. W. (1986) Status of the lowland gorilla and other wildlife in the Dzanga-Sangha region of southwestern Central African Republic. Primate Conservation 7, 38-41.

    Carroll, R. W. (1988) Relative density, range extension, and conservation potential of the lowland gorilla in the Dzanga-Sangha region of southwestern Central African Republic. Mammalia 52, 311-323.

    Carvalho, J. S. et al. (2021) Predicting range shifts of African apes under global change scenarios. Diversity and Distributions 27 (9), 1663–1679.

    Cousins, D. (1978) Man's exploitation of the gorilla. Biological Conservation 13, 287-297.

    Cousins, D. (1983) Man's affiliation with the anthropoid apes in Africa. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 77, 19-40.

    DeGroot, T. L. et al. (2023) Human impacts on mammal communities in Rio Campo Nature Reserve, Equatorial Guinea. African Journal of Ecology 61, 262-276.

    Doumenge, C. (1990) La conservation des écosystèmes forestiers du Zaïre. UICN, Gland, Suisse.

    Dowsett-Lemaire, F. & Dowsett, R. J. (2001) A new population of gorillas Gorilla gorilla and other endangered primates in western Cameroon. African Primates 5 (1 & 2), 3-7.

    Dupain, J. et al. (2004) High chimpanzee and gorilla densities in a non-protected area on the northern periphery of the Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon. Oryx 38, 209-216.

    Emlen, J. T. & Schaller, G. B. (1960) Distribution and status of the mountain gorilla, 1959. Zoologica New York 45, 41-52.

    Etiendem, D. N. et al. (2013) The Cross River Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) at Mawambi Hills, South-West Cameroon: Habitat Suitability and Vulnerability to Anthropogenic Disturbance. Folia Primatologica 84, 18-31.

    Fa, J. E. et al. (2015) Correlates of bushmeat in markets and depletion of wildlife. Conservation Biology 29, 805-815.

    Fay, M. (1989) Partial completion of a census of the western lowland gorilla in southwestern Central African Republic. Mammalia 53, 203-215.

    Fay, J. M. & Agnagna, M. (1992) Census of gorillas in northern Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology 27, 275-284.

    Foerster, S. et al. (2012) Correlates of bushmeat hunting among remote rural households in Gabon, Central Africa. Conservation Biology 26, 335-344.

    Garcia, J. E. & Mba, J. (1997) Distribution, status and conservation of primates in Monte Alen National Park, Equatorial Guinea. Oryx 31, 67-76.

    Gatti, S. et al. (2004) Population and group structure of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Lokoué, Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology 63, 111-123.

    Glew, L. & Hudson, M. D. (2007) Gorillas in the midst: the impact of armed conflict on the conservation of protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Oryx 41, 140-150.

    Gonzalez-Kirchner J. P. (1997) Census of western lowland gorilla population in Río Muni region, Equatorial Guinea. Folia zoologica 46, 15-22.

    Goodall, A. G. & Groves, C. P. (1977) The conservation of eastern gorillas. S. 599-637 in: Bourne, G. H. (Hrsg.) Primate conservation. New York (Academic Press).

    Granjon, A.-C. et al. (2020) Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population (advance online). Animal Conservation.

    Gray, M. et al. (2010) Censusing the mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: complete sweep method versus monitoring. African Journal of Ecology 48 (3), 588-599. 

    Gray, M. et al. (2013) Genetic census reveals increased but uneven growth of a critically endangered mountain gorilla population. Biological Conservation 158, 230-238.

    Groom, A. F. G. (1973/74) Squeezing out the mountain gorilla. Oryx 12, 207-215.

    Guschanski, K. et al. (2009) Counting elusive animals: Comparing field and genetic census of the entire mountain gorilla population of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Biological Conservation 142, 290-300.

    Hall, J. S. et al. (1998) Distribution, abundance and conservation status of Grauer's gorilla. Oryx 32, 122-130.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1977) Virunga gorillas - the case against translocations. Oryx 13, 469-472.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1979) F. P. S. mountain gorilla project: progress report 2. Oryx 15, 114-115.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1986) Gorilla conservation: anatomy of a campaign. S. 31-46 in: Benirschke, K. (Hrsg.) Primates: the road to self-sustaining populations. New York (Springer).

    Harcourt, A. H. (1996) Is the gorilla a threatened species? How should we judge? Biological Conservation 75, 165-176.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Curry-Lindahl, K. (1978) The F. P. S. mountain gorilla project - a report from Rwanda. Oryx 14, 316-324.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Curry-Lindahl, K. (1979) Conservation of the mountain gorilla and its habitat in Rwanda. Environmental Conservation 6, 143-147.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Fossey, D. (1981) The Virunga gorillas: decline of an 'island' population. African Journal of Ecology 19, 83-97.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Groom, A. F. G. (1972) Gorilla census. Oryx 11, 355-363.

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1983) Virunga gorilla population. African Journal of Ecology 21, 139-142.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1980) Gorilla eaters of Gabon. Oryx 15, 248-252.

    Haurez, B. et al. (2014) Western lowland gorilla density and nesting behavior in a Gabonese forest logged for 25 years: implications for gorilla conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 23, 2669-2687.

    Hedwig, D. et al. (2018) A camera trap assessment of the forest mammal community within the transitional savannah‐forest mosaic of the Batéké Plateau National Park, Gabon. African Journal of Ecology 56 (4), 777-790.

    Heinicke, S. et al. (2021) Open‐access platform to synthesize knowledge of ape conservation across sites. American Journal of Primatology 83 (1), e23213.

    Inogwabini, B.-I. et al. (2000) Status of large mammals in the mountain sector of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, in 1996. African Journal of Ecology 38, 269-276.

    Imong, I. S. et al. (2014) Distinguishing ecological constraints from human activity in species range fragmentation: The case of Cross River gorillas. Animal Conservation 17 (4), 323-331.

    Imong, I. S. et al. (2014)  Informing conservation management about structural versus functional connectivity: A case-study of Cross River gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 76 (10), 978-988.

    Ismaila, N. & Maloueki, U. (2021) Gorilla Abundance Estimations within North-East Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. Folia Primatologica 92, 103-111.

    Jost Robinson, C. A. et al. (2011) Multi-faceted approaches to understanding changes in wildlife and livelihoods in a protected area: a conservation case study from the Central African Republic. Environmental Conservation 38, 247-255.

    Junker, J. et al. (2012) Recent decline in suitable environmental conditions for African great apes. Diversity and Distributions 18, 1077–1099.

    Junker, J. et al. (2020) A Severe Lack of Evidence Limits Effective Conservation of the World’s Primates. BioScience 70, 794-803.

    Kalpers, J. et al. (2003) Gorillas in the crossfire: population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas over the past three decades. Oryx 37, 326-337.

    Kasereka, B. et al. (2006) Vulnerability of habituated Grauer's gorilla to poaching in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC. African Study Monographs 27 (1), 15-26.

    King, T. et al. (2011) Assessing Initial Reintroduction Success in Long-Lived Primates by Quantifying Survival, Reproduction, and Dispersal Parameters: Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Congo and Gabon. Int. J. Primatol., published online 30 Nov.

    Köndgen, S. et al. (2008) Pandemic human viruses cause decline of endangered great apes. Current Biology 18, 1-5.

    Macdonald, D. W. et al. (2011) Association of body mass with price of bushmeat in Nigeria and Cameroon. Conservation Biology 25, 1220-1228.

    MacKinnon, J. (1976) Mountain gorillas and bonobos. Oryx 13, 372-382.

    Matthews, A. & Matthews, A. (2004) Survey of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southwestern Cameroon. Primates 45, 15-24.

    McNeely, J. A. (2003) Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict. Oryx 37, 142-152.

    McNeilage, A. et al. (2001) Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: gorilla census 1997. Oryx 35, 39-47.

    McNeilage, A. et al. (2006) Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx 40, 419-427.

    Meijaard, E. et al. (2023) Apes and agriculture. Frontiers in Conservation Science 4, 1225911.

    Merz, G. (1991) Conservation of the eastern lowland gorilla. Primate Report 29, 65-70.

    Mfossa D. M. et al. (2022) Distribution, habitat use and human disturbance of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) in the Ebo forest, Littoral Region, Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology 60 (4), 926-945

    Mitani, M. (1990) A note on the present situation of primate fauna found from south-eastern Cameroon to northern Congo. Primates 31, 625-634.

    Mitani, M. (1991) Present situation of primate fauna found in northern Congo and in southeastern Cameroon in the central Africa. S. 43-46 in: Ehara, A. et al. (Hrsg.) Primatology today. Amsterdam (Elsevier).

    Moorhouse, T. P. (2015) The Customer Isn't Always Right - Conservation and Animal Welfare Implications of the Increasing Demand for Wildlife Tourism. PLoS ONE 10 (10), e0138939.

    Morgan, B. J. et al. (2003) Newly discovered gorilla population in the Ebo forest. Littoral Province, Cameroon. International Journal of Primatology 24, 1129-1137.

    Morgan, D. et al. (2006) Ape abundance and habitat use in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology 27, 147-179.

    Muresherwa, G. et al. (2022) The management of mountain gorilla tourism in Uganda: Are the socio-economic benefits realised? J. transdiscipl. res. S. Afr. 18 (1), a1136.

    Murnyak, D. F. (1981) Censusing the gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Biological Conservation 21, 163-176.

    Mwanza, N. & Yamagiwa, J. (1989) A note on the distribution of primates between the Zaire-Lualaba river and the African Rift Valley. Interspecies relationships of primates in the tropical and montane forests 1, 5-10.

    Mwanza, N. et al. (1989) Conservation of primates in the Kivu district, Zaire. Interspecies relationships of primates in the tropical and montane forests 1, 113-117.

    Ndunda, M. et al. (1988) Conservation of eastern lowland gorillas in the Masisi region, Zaire. Primate conservation 9, 111-113.

    Nkemnyi, M. F. et al. (2013) Making hard choices: balancing indigenous communities livelihood and Cross River gorilla conservation in the Lebialem-Mone Forest landscape, Cameroon. Environment, Development and Sustainability, online November 2012.

    Oates, J. (1996) African primates. IUCN.

    Oates, J. F. (1999) Myth and reality in the rain forest. How conservation strategies are failing in West Africa. Berkeley (University of California Press).

    Oko, R. A. (1991) Distribution and conservation of gorillas and chimpanzees in the Congo. S. 47-50 in: Ehara, A. et al. (Hrsg.) Primatology today. Amsterdam (Elsevier).

    Peterson, D. (2003) Eating Apes. Berkeley (The University of California Press).

    Plumptre, A. J. (2003) Lessons learned from on-the-ground conservation in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. S. 71-91 in: Price, S. V. (Hrsg.) War and tropical forests. New York (Food Products Press).

    Plumptre, A. J. et al. (2007) The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift. Biological Conservation 134, 178-194.

    Plumptre, A. J. et al. (2015) Status of Grauer’s gorilla and chimpanzees in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and current distribution and abundance. Report to Arcus Foundation, USAID and US Fish and Wildlife Service.

    Plumptre, A. J. et al. (2016) Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. PLoS ONE 11 (10): e0162697.

    Plumptre, A. J. et al. (2020) Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats. Oryx, published online.

    Plumptre, A. J. et al. (2021) Changes in Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and other primate populations in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Oku Community Reserve, the heart of Grauer's gorilla global range. American Journal of Primatology 83 (7), e23288.

    Remis, M. J. (2000) Preliminary assessment of the impacts of human activities on gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla and other wildlife at Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic. Oryx 34, 56-65.

    Remis, M. J. & Kpanou, J. B. (2010) Primate and ungulate abundance in response to multi-use zoning and human extractive activities in a Central African Reserve. African Journal of Ecology 49, 70-80.

    Robbins, M. M. et al. (2011) Extreme Conservation Leads to Recovery of the Virunga Mountain Gorillas. PLoS one 6 (6), e19788.

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    Tagg, N. et al. (2020) Long-term trends in wildlife community structure and functional diversity in a village hunting zone in southeast Cameroon. Biodiversity Conservation 29, 571-590.

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    Tolbert, S. et al. (2023) Assessing the drivers of illegal resource use to improve wildlife conservation interventions. Biological Conservation 281, 109983.

    Tranquilli, S. et al. (2012) Lack of conservation effort rapidly increases African great ape extinction risk. Conservation Letters 5, 48-55.

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    Willie, J. et al. (2013) Density of herbaceous plants and distribution of western gorillas in different habitat types in south-east Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology 51 (1), 111-121.

    Wilson, R. (1984) The mountain gorilla project: Progress report 6. Oryx 18, 223-229.

    Wilson, J. R. (1987) The mountain gorilla project: Progress report 7, Oryx 21, 266-269.

    Wright, J. H. & Priston, N. E. C. (2010) Hunting and trapping in Lebialem Division, Cameroon: bushmeat harvesting practices and human reliance. Endangered Species Research (1), 1-12.

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    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1993) A census of the eastern lowland gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas in the Virunga region. Biological Conservation 64, 83-89.

  • Evolution, Systematik, Genetik

    Ackermann, R. R. & Bishop, J. M. (2009) Morphological and molecular evidence reveals recent hybridization between gorilla taxa. Evolution 64, 271-290.

    Amato, G. et al. (1999) Molecular systematics for taxonomic placement of a gorilla of uncertain origin. Zoo Biology 18, 429-432.

    Anthony, N. M. et al. (2007) The role of Pleistocene refugia and rivers in shaping gorilla diversity in central Africa. PNAS 104, 20432-20436.

    Arandjelovic, M. & Vigilant, L. (2018) Non-invasive genetic censusing and monitoring of primate populations. Amer. J. Primatol., e22743.

    Arandjelovic, M. et al. (2014) Genetic inference of group dynamics and female kin structure in a western lowland gorilla population (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Primate Biology 1 (1), 29-38.

    Baas, P. et al. (2018) Population-level assessment of genetic diversity and habitat fragmentation in critically endangered Grauer's gorillas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165 (3), 565-575.

    Bergl, R. A. & Vigilant, L. (2007) Genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Molecular Ecology 16, 501-516.

    Bergl, R. A. et al. (2008) Effects of habitat fragmentation, population size and gemographic history on genetic diversity: the Cross River gorilla in a comparative context. American Journal of Primatology 70, 848-859.

    Beringe, R. von (1903) Bericht des Hauptmanns von Beringe über seine Expedition nach Ruanda. Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 234-235, 264-266, 296-298, 317-319.

    Borowik, O. A. (1995) Coding chromosomal data for phylogenetic analysis: Phylogenetic resolution of the Pan-Homo-Gorilla trichotomy. Systematic Biology 44, 563-570.

    Borries, C. et al. (2022) Phenotypic Plasticity Rather Than Ecological Risk Aversion or Folivory Can Explain Variation in Gorilla Life History. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10, 873557.

    Bradley, B. J. et al. (2004) Dispersed male networks in western gorillas. Current Biology 14, 510-513.

    Breuer, T. et al. (2012) Phenotypic correlates of male reproductive success in western gorillas. Journal of Human Evolution 62, 466-472.

    Butynski, T. M. & Kalina, J. (1990) Taxonomic status of gorillas in the Impenetrable (Bwindi) Forest, Uganda. American Zoologist 30 (4), 73A.

    Casimir, M. J. (1975) Some data on the systematic position of the eastern gorilla population of the Mt. Kahuzi region (Rep. of Zaire). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 66, 188-201.

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    Clifford, S. L. et al. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Molecular Ecology 13, 1551-1565.

    Coolidge, H. J. (1929) A revision of the genus Gorilla. Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. Zool. 50, 295-381.

    Das, R. et al. (2014) Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Eastern Gorilla (Gorilla beringei) and Implications for African Ape Biogeography. Journal of Heredity 105 (6), 846-855.

    Dunn, R. R. et al. (2020) The Internal, External and Extended Microbiomes of Hominins. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8, article 25.

    Easteal, S. (1991) The relative role of DNA evolution in primates. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8, 115-127.

    Elgart, A. A. (2010) Are the gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park "true" mountain gorillas? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 141, 561-570.

    Ferris, S. D. et al. (1981) Evolutionary tree for apes and humans based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 78, 2432-2436.

    Field, D. et al. (1998) Paternity determination in captive lowland gorillas and orangutans and wild mountain gorillas by microsatellite analysis. Primates 39, 199-209.

    Fleischhacker, H. (1968) Die Frankfurter Gorilla-Zwillinge. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 31, 55-69.

    Fünfstück, T. et al. (2014) The genetic population structure of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in continuous rain forest. American Journal of Primatology, 76 (9), 868-878.

    Fünfstück, T. & Vigilant, L. (2015) The Geographic Distribution of Genetic Diversity within Gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 77, 974-985.

    Garner, K. J. & Ryder, O. A. (1996) Mitochondrial DNA diversity in gorillas. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6, 39-48.

    Ghiglieri, M. P. (1987) Sociobiology of the great apes and the hominoid ancestor. Journal of Human Evolution 16, 319-357.

    Ghiglieri, M. P. (1989) Hominoid sociobiology and hominid social evolution. S. 370-379 in: Heltne, P. G. & Marquardt, L. A. (Hrsg.) Understanding chimpanzees. Cambridge, Mass. (Harvard University Press).

    Glen, D. R. & Brooks, D. R. (1986) Parasitological evidence pertaining to the phylogeny of the hominoid primates. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 27, 331-354.

    Gogarten, J. F. et al. (2020) Metabarcoding of eukaryotic parasite communities describes diverse parasite assemblages spanning the primate phylogeny. Molecular Ecology Resources 20, 204-215.

    Goldsmith, M. & Taylor, A. (1999) Revision of the genus Gorilla: 70 years after Coolidge. Gorilla Journal 18, 15-17.

    Goodman, M. (1986) Molecular evidence on the ape subfamily Homininae. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 218, 121-132.

    Groves, C. P. (1970) Population systematics of the gorilla. Journal of Zoology London 161, 287-300.

    Groves, C. P. (1971) Distribution and place of origins of the gorilla. Man 6, 44-51.

    Groves, C. P. (1986) Systematics of the great apes. S. 187-217 in: Swindler, D. R. & Erwin, J. (Hrsg.) Comparative primate biology Vol. 1: systematics, evolution and anatomy. New York (Alan R. Liss).

    Groves, C. (1996) Müssen wir die Gorillas neu einteilen? Do we need to update the taxonomy of gorillas? Gorilla-Journal 12.

    Groves, C. (2000) What, if anything, is taxonomy? Gorilla-Journal 21, 12-15.

    Groves, C. P. (2001) Primate Taxonomy. Washington, London (Smithsonian Institution Press).

    Groves, C. P. (2001) Why taxonomic stability is a bad idea, or: Why there are so few species of primates (or are there?) Evolutionary Anthropology 10, 192-198.

    Groves, C. P. (2003) A history of gorilla taxonomy. S. 15-34 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Groves, C. P. & Stott, K. W. (1979) Systematic relationships of gorillas from Kahuzi, Tshiaberimu and Kayonza. Folia primatologica 32, 161-179.

    Grubb, P. et al. (2003) An assessment of the diversity of African primates. International Journal of Primatology 24, 1301-1357.

    Jabbour, R. S. & Pearman, T. L. (2016) Geographic variation in gorilla limb bones. Journal of Human Evolution 95, 68-79.

    Jensen-Seaman, M. I. & Kidd, K. K. (2001) Mitochondrial DNA variation and biogeography of eastern gorillas. Molecular Ecology 10, 2241-2247.

    Jensen-Seaman, M. I. et al. (2004) Nuclear integrations of mitochondrial DNA in gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 63, 139-147.

    LeMay, N. & Geschwind, N. (1975) Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes. Brain, Behav. and Evolution 11, 48-52.

    Lukas, D. et al. (2004) Major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite variation in two populations of wild gorillas. Molecular Ecology 13, 3389-3402.

    Matschie, P. (1903) Über einen Gorilla aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde Berlin 253-259.

    McGrath, K. et al. (2022) Facial asymmetry tracks genetic diversity among Gorilla subspecies. Proceedings Royal Society B 289, 20212564.

    Morell, V. (1994) Will primate genetics split one gorilla into two? Science 265, 1661.

    Pawar, H. et al. (2023) Ghost admixture in eastern gorillas. Nature Ecology & Evolution.

    Roy, J. et al. (2014) Fine-scale genetic structure analyses suggest further male than female dispersal in mountain gorillas. BMC Ecology 14, 21.

    Ruvolo, M. et al. (1991) Resolution of the African hominoid trichotomy by use of a mitochondrial gene sequence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 88, 1570-1574.

    Ruvolo, M. et al. (1994) Gene trees and hominoid phylogeny. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8900-8904.

    Saitou, N. & Nei, M. (1986) The number of nucleotides required to determine the branching order of three species with special reference to the human-chimpanzee-gorilla divergence. Journal of Molecular Evolution 24, 189-204.

    Sarmiento, E. E. (2003) Distribution, taxonomy, genetics, ecology, and causal links of gorilla survival: the need to develop practical knowledge for gorilla conservation. S. 432-471 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Sarmiento, E. E. & Butynski, T. M. (1996) Neue Fragen zur Gorilla-Taxonomie. Gorilla-Journal 12.

    Sarmiento, E. E. et al. (1996) Gorillas of Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest and the Virunga Volcanoes: Taxonomic implications of morphological and ecological differences. American Journal of Primatology 40, 1-21.

    Sarmiento, E. E. & Oates, J. F. (1999) Eigene Gorilla-Unterart in Nigeria? Gorilla Journal 19.

    Satta, Y. et al. (2000) DNA archives and our nearest relative: the trichotomy problem revisited. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14, 259-275.

    Savage, T. S. & Wyman, J. (1847) Notice of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes gorilla, a new species of orang from the Gaboon river, osteology of the same. Boston Journal of Natural History 5, 417-443.

    Scally, A. et al. (2012) Insights into hominid volution from the gorilla genome sequence. Nature 483, 169-175.

    Scally, A. et al. (2013) A Genome-Wide Survey of Genetic Variation in Gorillas Using Reduced Representation Sequencing. PLoS ONE 8 (6), e65066.

    Shea, B. T. (1983) Phyletic size change and brain/body scaling: A consideration based on the African pongids and other primates. International Journal of Primatology 4, 33-62.

    Shea, B. T. (1983) Size and diet in the evolution of African ape craniodental form. Folia Primatologica 40, 32-68.

    Shea, B. T. (1985) Ontogenetic allometry and scaling: A discussion based on the growth and form of the skull in African apes. S. 175-205 in: Jungers, W. L. (Hrsg.) Size and scaling in primate biology. New York (Plenum).

    Shea, B. T. (1985) The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the African apes. American Journal of Primatology 8, 183-188.

    Sherwood, C. C. et al. (2004) Brain structure variation in great apes, with attention to the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Primatology 63, 149-164.

    Shoshani, J. et al. (1996) Primate phylogeny: morphological vs molecular results. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 5, 102-254.

    Sibley, C. G. & Ahlquist, J. E. (1987) DNA hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: Results from an expanded data set. Journal of Molecular Evolution 26, 99-121.

    Smouse, P. E. & Li, W.-H. (1987) Likelihood analysis of mitochondrial restriction-cleavage patterns for the human-chimpanzee-gorilla trichotomy. Evolution 41, 1162-1176.

    Städele, V. et al. (2022) The complex Y-chromosomal history of gorillas. Amer. J. Primatol. e23363.

    Stanford, C. B. (2001) The subspecies concept in primatology: the case of mountain gorillas. Primates 42, 309-318.

    Stumpf, R. M. et al. (2003) Patterns of diversity in gorilla cranial morphology. S. 35-61 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Takahata N (1992) Man's place in Hominoidea revealed by mitochondrial DNA genealogy. J. mol. Evol. 35, 32-43.

    Thalmann, O. et al. (2006) The complex evolutionary history of gorillas: insights from genomic data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24, 146-158.

    Thalmann, O. et al. (2011) Historical sampling reveals dramatic demographic changes in western gorilla populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology April 1, 2011, 11, 85.

    Tocheri, M. W. et al. (2016) The Evolutionary Origin and Population History of the Grauer Gorilla. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 159, S4–S18.

    Tuttle, R. H. (1967) Knuckle-walking and the evolution of hominoid hands. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 26, 171-206.

    Tuttle, R. H. & Basmajian, J. V. (1975) Electromyography of Pan gorilla: an experimental approach to the problem of hominization. Proceedings of the Symposia of the 5th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Tokyo, 303-314.

    van der Valk, T. et al. (2018) Significant loss of mitochondrial diversity within the last century due to extinction of peripheral populations in eastern gorillas. Scientific Reports 8, 6551.

    van der Valk, T. et al. (2019) Historical Genomes Reveal the Genomic Consequences of Recent Population Decline in Eastern Gorillas. Current Biology 29, 165-170.

    van der Valk, T. et al. (2024) Comparative genomic analyses provide new insights into evolutionary history and conservation genomics of gorillas. BMC Ecology and Evolution 24, 14.

    Vigilant, L. & Bradley, B. J. (2004) Genetic variation in gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 64, 161-172.

    Vigilant, L. et al. (2015) Reproductive competition and inbreeding avoidance in a primate species with habitual female dispersal. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69, 1163-1172.

    Xue, Y. et al. (2015) Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of long-term population decline and inbreeding. Science 348 (6231), 242-245.

    Vogel, C. (1961) Zur systematischen Untergliederung der Gattung Gorilla anhand von Untersuchungen der Mandibel. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 26, 65-76.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2003) Intra-specific variation in social organization of gorillas: implications for their social evolution. Primates 44, 359-369.

    Yohn, C. T. et al. (2005) Lineage-specific expansions of retroviral insertions within the genomes of African great apes but not humans and orangutans. PLoS Biology 3 (4), 577-587.

  • Geburt, Mutter-Kind-Beziehung, Jungtierentwicklung

    Carter, F. S. (1973) Comparison of baby gorillas with human infants at birth and during the postnatal period. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 10th Annual Report, 29-33.

    Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1977) A Piagetan model for describing and comparing socialization in monkey, ape and human infants. S. 159-187 in: Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E. (Hrsg.) Primate bio-social development. New York (Garland).

    Eckardt, W. et al. (2016) Weaned age variation in the Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): influential factors. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 70, 493-507.

    Fletcher, A. (2001) Development of infant independence from the mother in wild mountain gorillas. S. 153-182 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Fossey, D. (1979) Development of the mountain gorilla: The first thirty-six months. In: The great apes, D. A. Hamburg & E. McCown (Hrsg.), Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, S. 139-184.

    Grueter, C. C. et al. (2019) Infant handling by female mountain gorillas: Establishing its frequency, function, and (ir)relevance for life history evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168 (4), 744-749.

    Hoff, M. P. et al. (1981) Development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas. Dev. Psychobiol. 14, 251-265.

    Hoff, M. P. et al. (1981) The development of infant play in a captive group of lowland gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 1, 65-72.

    Hoff, M. P. et al. (1983) Maternal transport and infant motor development in a captive group of lowland gorillas. Primates 24, 77-85.

    Hughes, J. & Redshaw, M. (1974) Cognitive, manipulative and social skills in gorillas: Part I, the first year. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 11th Annual Report, 53-60.

    Kingsley, S. R. (1988) Physiological development of male orang-utans and gorillas. S. 123-131 in: Schwartz, J. H. (Hrsg.) Orang-utan biology. New York (Oxford University Press).

    Lang, E. M. et al. (1965) Gorilla Mutter und Kind. Basel (Basilius Presse).

    Manguette, M. L. et al. (2020) Infant survival in western lowland gorillas after voluntary dispersal by pregnant females. Primates, published online.

    Meder, A. (1991) Schwangerschaftsdauer und Geburtsgewichte. Gestation length and birth weight. In: Kirchshofer, R. Internationales Zuchtbuch für den Gorilla, 1990. International Studbook of the Gorilla, 1990, 195. Frankfurt.

    Meder, A. (1992) Geburtenabstände und Jungtiersterblichkeit im ersten Lebensjahr bei Flachlandgorillas in Zoos - Interbirth intervals and infant mortality in the first year in captive lowland gorillas. S. 286-292 in: Kirchshofer, R. Internationales Zuchtbuch für den Gorilla, 1991. International Studbook of the Gorilla, 1991. Frankfurt.

    Morrison, R. E. et al. (2021) Social groups buffer maternal loss in mountain gorillas. eLife 10, e62939.

    Nadler, R. D. (1974) Periparturitional behavior of a primiparous lowland gorilla. Primates 15, 55-73.

    Nowell, A. A. & Fletcher, A. W. (2007) Development of independence from the mother in Gorilla gorilla gorilla. International Journal of Primatology 28, 441-455.

    Nowell, A. A. & Fletcher, A. W. (2008) The development of feeding behaviour in wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Behaviour 145, 171-193.

    Redshaw, M. (1975) Cognitive, manipulative and social skills in gorillas: Part II, the second year. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 12th Annual Report, 56-60.

    Redshaw, M. (1978) Cognitive development in human and gorilla infants. Journal of Human Evolution 7, 133-141.

    Redshaw, M. (1989) A comparison of neonatal behaviour and reflexes in the great apes. Journal of Human Evolution 18, 191 ff.

    Robbins, A. M. et al. (2007) Maternal investment of the Virunga Mountain gorillas. Ethology 113, 235-245.

    Robbins, M. M. & Robbins, A. M. (2021) Variability of weaning age in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 174 (4): ajpa.24237, 776-784.

    Rosenbaum, S. et al. (2016) Infant Mortality Risk and Paternity Certainty Are Associated with Postnatal Maternal Behavior toward Adult Male Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). PLoS ONE 11 (2), e0147441.

    Schenkel, R. (1964) Zur Ontogenese des Verhaltens bei Gorilla und Mensch. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 54, 233-259.

    Stewart, K. J. (1977) The birth of a wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Primates 18, 965-976.

    Stewart, K. J. (1984) Parturition in wild gorillas: behaviour of mothers, neonates, and others. Folia primatologica 42, 62-69.

    Stewart, K. J. (1988) Suckling and lactational anoestrus in wild gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 83, 627-634.

    Stewart, K. J. (2001) Social relationships of immature gorillas and silverbacks. S. 183-213 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Vermeer, J. & Devreese, L. (2015) Birth sex ratio, infant mortality and rearing type in captive western lowland gorillas. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 3 (1), 6-10.

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    Whittier, C. A. et al. (2011) Proximate composition of milk from free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Zoo Biology 30, 308-317.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2009) Infanticide and social flexibility in the genus Gorilla. Primates 50, 293-303.

  • Historisches

    Allen, J. G. (1931) Gorilla hunting in southern Nigeria. Nigerian Field 1, 4-5.

    Baumgärtel, W. (1958) The Muhavura gorillas. Primates 1, 79-83.

    Baumgärtel, W. (1976) Up among the mountain gorillas. New York (Hawthorn Books).

    Beringe, R. von (1903) Bericht des Hauptmanns von Beringe über seine Expedition nach Ruanda. Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 234-235, 264-266, 296-298, 317-319.

    Bingham, H. C. (1932) Gorillas in a native habitat. Carnegie Institute Washington Publication 426, 1-66.

    Brodersen, K. (2001) Savage's Savages. How the Gorilla became a Savage Beast because of Hanno's Periplus. S. 87-98 in: Geus, K. et al. (Hrsg.) Punica, Lybica, Ptolemaica: Festschrift für Werner Huß zum 65. Geburtstag. Leuven (Peeters).

    Curry-Lindahl, K. (1956) Ecological studies on mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians in Eastern Belgian Congo. Part 1. Ann. Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren.

    Denis, A. (1964) Auf Safari durch vier Kontinente. München (Piper).

    Donisthorpe, J. (1958) A pilot study of the mountain gorilla. South African Journal of Science 54, 195-217.

    Du Chaillu, P. (1861) Explorations and adventures in equatorial Africa. New York.

    Fossey, D. (1970) Making friends with mountain gorillas. National Geographical Magazine 137, 48-67.

    Fossey, D. (1971) More years with mountain gorillas. National Geographic Magazine 140, 574-585.

    Imanishi, K. (1958) Gorillas: a preliminary survey in 1958. Primates 1 (2), 73-78.

    Kawai, M. & Mizuhara, H. (1962) An ecological study on the wild mountain gorilla. Primates 2, 1-42.

    Koppenfels, H. von (1877) Meine Jagden auf Gorillas. Gartenlaube 416-420.

    Lipinski, E. (2001) Gorillas. S. 79-86 in: Geus, K. et al. (Hrsg.) Punica, Lybica, Ptolemaica: Festschrift für Werner Huß zum 65. Geburtstag. Leuven (Peeters).

    Meder, A. (1995) Men who named the African apes. Gorilla-Journal 11.

    Merfield, F. G. & Miller, H. (1956) Gorillas were my neighbours. London (Longmans, Green & Co.).

    Merfield, F. G. & Miller, H. (1956) Gorilla hunter. New York (Farrer Strams).

    Newman, J. L. (2013) Encountering Gorillas: A Chronicle of Discovery, Exploitation, Understanding, and Survival. Lanham (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).

    Pitman, C. R. S. (1931) A game warden among his charges. London.

    Pitman, C. R. S. (1935) The gorillas of the Kayonsa region, western Kigezi, S. W. Uganda. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1935, 477-494.

    Reel, M. (2013) Between Man and Beast: An Unlikely Explorer and the African Adventure that Took the Victorian World by Storm. Hardcover (Doubleday).

    Savage, T. S. & Wyman, J. (1847) Notice of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes gorilla, a new species of orang from the Gaboon river, osteology of the same. Boston Journal of Natural History 5, 417-443.

    Wordsworth, J. (1961) Gorilla mountain. London (Lutterworth).

    Yerkes, R. M. (1927) The mind of a gorilla, part I. Genetic Psychol. Monogr. 2, 1-191.

    Yerkes, R. M. (1927) The mind of a gorilla, part II. Genetic Psychol. Monogr. 2, 377-551.

    Yerkes, R. M. (1928) The mind of a gorilla, part III. Comparative Psychol. Monogr. 5 (2), 1-92.

    Yerkes, R. M. & Yerkes, A. W. (1929) The great apes. London (Oxford University Press).

  • Kinderbücher

    Mukiza - Die wahre Geschichte eines Berggorillas.
    Autoren: Hannes Jaenicke und Julius Brümmer
    Jahr: 2024
    Verlag: CalmeMara
    ISBN: 978-3-948877-60-6

    Abenteuer & Wissen. Jane Goodall und Dian Fossey - Unter wilden Menschenaffen
    Autorin: Maja Nielsen
    Jahr: 2008
    Verlag: Gerstenberg
    ISBN: 978-3-83694842-7

    Affen
    Autorin: Barbara Taylor
    Jahr: 2004
    Verlag: Kosmos
    ISBN: 978-3-44009820-6

    Benny Blu - Gorillas: Große Menschenaffen
    Autorin: Nicola Herbst
    Jahr: 2013
    Verlag: Kinderleicht Wissen
    ISBN: 078-3-86570050-0

    Berggorillas: Zu Besuch bei unseren Verwandten
    Autoren: Anja und Andreas Klotz
    Jahr: 2010
    Verlag: TIPP 4
    ISBN: 978-3-98129442-4

    Gute Nacht, Gorilla!
    Autorin: Peggy Rathmann
    Jahr: 2013
    Verlag: Moritz Verlag
    ISBN: 978-3-89565177-X

    Ich, Gorilla und der Affenstern
    Autorin: Frida Nilsson
    Jahr: 2012
    Verlag: Beltz & Gelberg
    ISBN: 978-3.40774328-9

    Jeder kann was! Die Geschichte eines klugen Gorillamädchens
    Autorin: Ingrid Jäger-Gutjahr
    Jahr: 2014
    Verlag: Tipp 4
    ISBN 978-3-9439690-7-8

    Menschenaffen: Schauen und Wissen!
    Autorin: Johanna Prinz 
    Jahr: 2016
    Verlag: Hase und Igel Verlag
    ISBN: 978-3-86760961-6

    Wildnis: Wo seltene Tiere und Pflanzen zuhause sind
    Autoren: Mia Cassany, Marcos Navarro
    Jahr: 2019
    Verlag: Prestel
    ISBN: 978-3-7913-7384-3

    Baddabamba und die Insel der Zeit (Bilderbuch)
    Autor: Markus Orths
    Jahr: 2022
    Verlag: Ueberreuter
    ISBN: 978-3-76415208-6

  • Krankheiten

    Antonation, K. S. et al. (2016) Bacillus cereus Biovar Anthracis Causing Anthrax in Sub-Saharan Africa - Chromosomal Monophyly and Broad Geographic Distribution. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10 (9), e0004923.

    Ashford R. W. et al. (1996) Patterns of intestinal parasitism in the mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla in the Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. Journal of Zoology 239 (3), 507-514.

    Ashford, R. W. et al. (1990) The intestinal faunas of man and mountain gorillas in a shared habitat. Ann. trop. Med. Parasitol. 84, 337-340.

    Benirschke, K. & Adams, F. D. (1980) Gorilla diseases and causes of death. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 28, 139-148.

    Boundenga, L. et al. (2023) A review of Gabonese gorillas and their pathogens: Diversity, transfer and One Health approach to avoid future outbreaks? Front. Parasitol. 2, 1115316.

    Byers, A. C. & Hastings, B. (1991) Mountain gorilla mortality and climatic factors in the Parc National des Volcans, Ruhengeri Prefecture, Rwanda, 1988. Mountain research and development 11 (2), 145-151.

    Cameron, K. N. et al. (2016) Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of a Mortality Event among Central African Great Apes. PLoS ONE 11 (5), e0154505.

    Cousins, D. (1974) A review of some complaints suffered by captive gorillas with notes of some causes of death in wild gorillas. Der Zoologische Garten 44, 201-210.

    Cousins, D. (1978) Notes on bacterial and fungal infections in the gorilla. International Zoo News 151, 19-24.

    Cousins, D. (1982) Dental diseases in the gorilla. International Zoo News 29 (1), No. 175, 10-18.

    Cousins, D. (1983) Mortality factors in captive gorillas. International Zoo News 30 (3), No. 179, 5-17.

    Cousins, D. (1984) Notes on the occurence of skin infections in gorillas. Der Zoologische Garten 54, 333-338.

    Cousins, D. & Huffman, M. A. (2002) Medicinal Properties in the Diet of Gorillas: an Ethno-Pharmacological Evaluation. African Study Monographs 23 (2), 65-89.

    D’arc, M. et al. (2015) Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112 (11), E1343-E1352.

    Dean, M. C. et al. (1992) The natural history of tooth wear, continuous eruption and periodontal disease in wild shot great apes. J. hum. Evol. 22, 23-39.

    Devos, C. et al. (2008) Monitoring population decline: can transect surveys detect the impact of the Ebola virus on apes? Oryx 42, 367-374.

    Dixson, A. F. et al. (1980) Testicular atrophy in captive gorillas. Journal of Zoology London 191, 315-322.

    Durette-Desset, M.-C. et al. (1992) Two new species of the trichostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) parasitic in Gorilla gorilla beringei in Uganda. Systematic Parasitology 23, 159-166.

    Eilenberger, U. (1997) Individual group specific and ecological influence factors on the status of endoparasites of wild eastern lowland gorillas in Zaire. Primate Report 47, 89-93.

    Eilenberger, U. (1997) Parasiten bei Gorillas und Menschen im selben Lebensraum. Endoparasites in gorillas and humans in the same habitat. Gorilla-Journal 15.

    Garin, Y. et al. (1982) A new intestinal parasitic entodiniomorph ciliate from wild lowland gorillas in Gabon? J. med. Primatol. 11, 186-190.

    Glen, D. R. & Brooks, D. R. (1986) Parasitological evidence pertaining to the phylogeny of the hominoid primates. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 27, 331-354.

    Gogarten, J. F. et al. (2020) Metabarcoding of eukaryotic parasite communities describes diverse parasite assemblages spanning the primate phylogeny. Molecular Ecology Resources 20, 204-215.

    Goussard, B. et al. (1983) The intestinal entodiniomorph ciliates of wild lowland gorillas in Gabon, West Africa. J. med. Primatol. 12, 239-249.

    Graber, M. & Gevrey, J. P. C. (1981) Parasites internes des primates de la République Democratique du Congo (d'après la collection Cassard-Chambron 1956-1960). Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 34 (1), 27-41.

    Graczyk, T. K. et al. (2001) Hyperkeratotic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei in juvenile human-habituated mountain gorillas. Parasitol. Res. 87, 1024-1028.

    Haggblade, M. K. et al. (2019) Outcomes of Snare-Related Injuries to Endangered Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55 (2), 298-303.

    Hanes, A. C. et al. (2018) Assessment of Health Risks Posed by Tourists Visiting Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Primate Conservation 32, 123-132.

    Hastings, B. E. (1991) The veterinary management of a laryngeal air sac infection in a free-ranging mountain gorilla. J. med. Primatol. 20, 361-364.

    Homsy, J. Ape tourism and human diseases: how close should we get? A critical review of the rules and regulations governing park management and tourism for the wild mountain gorilla, Gorilla gorilla beringei.

    Janssen, D. L. & Bush, R. M. (1990) Review of medical literature of great apes in the 1980s. Zoo Biology 9, 123-134.

    Kalema-Zikusoka, G. et al. (2002) Scabies in free-ranging mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Veterinary Record 150, 12-15.

    Kalema-Zikusoka, G. et al. (2005) Intestinal parasites and bacteria of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Primates 46, 59-63.

    Kalousová, B. et al. (2016) Adult hookworms (Necator spp.) collected from researchers working with wild western lowland gorillas. Parasites & Vectors 9, 75.

    Köndgen, S. et al. (2008) Pandemic human viruses cause decline of endangered great apes. Current Biology 18, 1-5.

    Leendertz, F. H. et al. (2006) Anthrax in Western and Central African great apes. American Journal of Primatology 68, 928-933.

    Leendertz, S. A. J. et al. (2016) Ebola in great apes – current knowledge, possibilities for vaccination, and implications for conservation and human health. Mammal Review

    Leroy, E. M. et al. (2004) Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife. Science 303, 387-390.

    Leroy, E. M. et al. (2005) Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 438, 575-576.

    Levréro, F. et al. (2007) Yaws Disease in a Wild Gorilla Population and Its Impact on the Reproductive Status of Males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132, 568-575.

    Lilly, A. A. et al. (2002) Intestinal parasites in gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans at Mondika Research Site, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. International Journal of Primatology 23, 555-573.

    Lovell, N. C. (1990) Patterns of injury and illness in great apes: a skeletal analysis. Washington (Smithsonian).

    Lovell, N. C. (1990) Skeletal and dental pathology of free-ranging mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 81, 399-412.

    Lovell, N. C. et al. (2000) Skeletal evidence of probable treponemal infection in free-ranging African apes. Primates 41, 275-290.

    Macfie L. (1996) Bericht von einer Krätze-Infektion bei den Bwindi-Gorillas. Case report on scabies infection in Bwindi gorillas. Gorilla Journal 13.

    Masi, S. et al. (2012) Seasonal Effects on Great Ape Health: A Case Study of Wild Chimpanzees and Western Gorillas. PLoS ONE 7 (12), e49805.

    Modrý, D. et al. (Hrsg.) (2018) Parasites of Apes - An Atlas of Coproscopic Diagnostics. Frankfurt (Edition Chimaira).

    Morrison, R. E. et al. (2021) Rapid transmission of respiratory infections within but not between mountain gorilla groups. Scientific Reports 11 (1), 1-12.

    Mudakikwa, A. (2001) An outbreak of mange hits the Bwindi gorillas. Gorilla Journal 22, 24.

    Mudakikwa, A. B. et al. (2001) Clinical medicine, preventive health care and research on mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes region. S. 341-360 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Muhangi, D. et al. (2021) Pathological lesions of the digestive tract in freeranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Primatolology 83, e23290.

    Muylaert, R. L. et al. (2021) Community health and human-animal contacts on the edges of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. PLoS ONE 16 (11), e0254467.

    Narat, V. et al. (2023) Higher convergence of human-great ape enteric eukaryotic viromes in central African forest than in a European zoo: a One Health analysis. Nature Communications 14, 3674.

    Nizeyi, J. B. et al. (2001) Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis in free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas of Uganda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 17, 239-244.

    Nizeyi, J. B. et al. (2002) Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas. Parasitol. Res. 88, 380-385.

    Nuno, A. et al. (2022) Protecting great apes from disease: Compliance with measures to reduce anthroponotic disease transmission. People and Nature 4 (5), 1387-1400.

    Palacios, G. et al. (2011) Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Wild Mountain Gorillas, Rwanda. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17 (4), 711-713.

    Peeters, M. & Delaporte, E. (2012) Simian retroviruses in African apes. Clinical Microbiology and Infectiology 18, 514–520.

    Penner, L. R. (1981) Concerning threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) in great apes - lowland gorillas and chimpanzees. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 12 (4), 128-131.

    Petrželková, K. J. et al. (2021) Heterogeneity in patterns of helminth infections across populations of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Scientific Reports 11, 10869. 

    Petrželková, K. J. et al. (2022) Ecological drivers of helminth infection patterns in the Virunga Massif mountain gorilla population. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 17, 174–184.

    Pourrut, X. et al. (2005) The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa. Microbes and Infection 7, 1005-1014.

    Robbins, M. M. et al. (2011) Extreme Conservation Leads to Recovery of the Virunga Mountain Gorillas. PLoS one 6 (6), e19788.

    Rothschild, B. M. & Rühli, F. J. (2005) Comparison of arthritis characteristics in lowland Gorilla gorilla and mountain Gorilla beringei. American Journal of Primatology 66, 205-218.

    Rouquet, P. et al. (2005) Wild animal mortality monitoring and human ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001-2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, 283-290.

    Rwego, I. B. et al. (2008) Gastrointestinal bacterial transmission among humans, mountain gorillas, and livestock in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Conservation Biology 22, 1600-1607.

    Ryan, S. J. & Walsh, P. D. (2011) Consequences of non-intervention for infectious disease in African great apes. PLoS ONE 6 (12), e29030.

    Sak, B. et al. (2013) Long-Term Monitoring of Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Different Stages of Habituation in Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. PLoS ONE 8 (8), e71840.

    Sandbrook, C. & Semple, S. (2006) The rules and the reality of mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei tracking: how close do tourists get? Oryx 40, 428-433.

    Schultz, A. H. (1939) Notes on diseases and healed fractures of wild apes. Bull. Hist. Med. 7, 571-582.

    Sleeman, J. M. et al. (2000) Gastrointestinal parasites of mountain gorillas in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31, 322-328.

    Smiley Evans, T. et al. (2023) Simian homologues of human herpesviruses and implications for novel viral introduction to free-living mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 85, e23439.

    Toft, J. D. (1986) The pathoparasitology of nonhuman primates: A review. S. 571-679 in: Benirschke, K. (Hrsg.) Primates. The road to self-sustaining populations. New York (Springer).

    Tutin, C. E. G. & Benirschke, K. (1991) Possible osteomyelitis of skull causes death of a wild lowland gorilla in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. J. med. Primatol. 20, 357-360.

    Van Hamme, G. et al. (2021) Keep your distance: Using Instagram posts to evaluate the risk of anthroponotic disease transmission in gorilla ecotourism. People and Nature 3 (2) 325-334.

    Walsh, P. D. et al. (2005) Wave-like spread of Ebola Zaire. PLoS Biology. 3 (11), 1946-1953 (online e371).

    Weber, A. et al. (2020) Lack of Rule-Adherence During Mountain Gorilla Tourism Encounters in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, Places Gorillas at Risk From Human Disease. Frontiers in Public Health 8 (1), 1-13.

    Whittier, C. A. et al. (2021) Population structure, intergroup interaction, and human contact govern infectious disease impacts in mountain gorilla populations. American Journal of Primatology, Early View, e23350.

    Wittmann, T. J. et al. (2007) Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants. PNAS 104 (43), 17123-17127.

    Woodford, M. H. et al. (2002) Habituating the great apes: the disease risk. Oryx 36, 153-160.

    Zimmermann, D. M. (2022) Great ape health watch: Enhancing surveillance for emerging infectious diseases in great apes. American Journal of Primatology 84 (4-5), Special Issue: One Health, e23379.

  • Ökologie, Ernährung, Nestbau, Demografie, Life History

    Abernethy, K. A. et al. (2013) Extent and ecological consequences of hunting in Central African rainforests in the twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368, 20120303.

    Akayezu, P. et al. (2019) Abundance and spatial distribution of the main food species for mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif, Rwanda. Biodiversity and Conservation 28 (13), 3597-3620.

    Anderson, J. R. et al. (2019) Nesting, sleeping, and nighttime behaviors in wild and captive great apes. Primates 60 (4), 321–332.

    Ashford, R. W. et al. (1990) The intestinal fauna of man and mountain gorillas in a shared habitat. Ann. Tropical Med. Parasitol. 84, 337-340.

    Bergl, R. A. & Vigilant, L. (2007) Genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Molecular Ecology 16, 501-516.

    Bermejo, M. (2004) Home-range use and intergroup encounters in western gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) at Lossi Forest, North Congo. American Journal of Primatology 64, 223-232.

    Bolwig, N. (1959) A study of the nests built by mountain gorilla and chimpanzee. South African Journal of Science 55, 286-291.

    Borries, C. et al. (2022) Phenotypic Plasticity Rather Than Ecological Risk Aversion or Folivory Can Explain Variation in Gorilla Life History. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10, 873557.

    Bradley, B. J. et al. (2004) Dispersed male networks in western gorillas. Current Biology 14, 510-513.

    Bradley, B. J. et al. (2007) Potential for female kin associations in wild western gorillas despite female dispersal. Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 274, 2179-2185.

    Bradley, B. J. et al. (2008) Genetic identification of elusive animals: re-evaluating tracking and nesting data for wild western gorillas. Journal of Zoology 275, 333-340.

    Breuer, T. (2007) Mbeli Bai - Forschung auf Waldlichtungen im tropischen Regenwald Afrikas. Zeitschrift des Kölner Zoo 50, 147-160.

    Breuer, T. et al. (2009) Physical maturation, life-history classes and age estimates of free-ranging western gorillas - insights from Mbeli Bai, Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology 71, 106-119.

    Breuer, T. et al. (2010) Variance in the male reproductive success of western gorillas: acquiring females is just the beginning. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64, 515-528.

    Brugiere, D. & Sakom, D. (2001) Population density and nesting behaviour of lowland gorillas in the Ngotto Forest, Central African Republic. Journal of Zoology London 255, 251-259.

    Byrne, R. W. (2001) Clever hands: the food-processing skills of mountain gorillas. S. 293-313 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Caillaud, D. et al. (2014) Mountain Gorilla Ranging Patterns: Influence of Group Size and Group Dynamics. American Journal of Primatology 76 (8), 730-746.

    Caillaud, D. et al. (2020) Violent encounters between social units hinder the growth of a high-density mountain gorilla population. Science Advances 6 (45), eaba0724.

    Calvert, J. J. (1985) Food selection by western lowland gorillas in relation to food chemistry. Oecologia 65, 236-246.

    Cancelliere, E. C. et al. (2014) Minerals in the Foods Eaten by Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei). PLoS ONE 9 (11), e112117.

    Caro, T. M. (1976) Observations on the ranging behaviour and daily activity of lone silverback mountain gorillas. Animal Behaviour 24, 889-897.

    Casimir, M. J. (1975) Feeding ecology and nutrition of an eastern gorilla group in the Mt. Kahuzi region (République de Zaire). Folia Primatologica 24, 81-136.

    Casimir, M. J. (1979) An analysis of gorilla nesting sites of the Mt. Kahuzi region (Zaire). Folia Primatologica 32, 290-308.

    Casimir, M. J. & Butenandt, E. (1973) Migration and core area shifting in relation to some ecological factors in a mountain gorilla group in the Mt. Kahuzi region. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 33, 514-522.

    Cipolletta, C. (2003) Ranging patterns of a western gorilla group during habituation to humans in the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. International Journal of Primatology 24, 1207-1226.

    Cipolletta, C. et al. (2007) Termite feeding by Gorilla gorilla gorilla at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. International Journal of Primatology 28, 457-476.

    Deblauwe, I. (2009) Temporal variation in insect-eating by chimpanzees and gorillas in southeast Cameroon: extension of niche differentiation. International Journal of Primatology 30, 229-252.

    Deblauwe, I. & Janssens, G. P. J. (2008) New insights in insect prey choice by chimpanzees and gorillas in southeast Cameroon: The role of nutritional value. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135, 42-45.

    Deblauwe, I. et al. (2003) Insectivory by Gorilla gorilla gorilla in southeast Cameroon. International Journal of Primatology 24, 493-502.

    Devos, C. et al. (2008) Comparing ape densities and habitats in northern Congo: surveys on sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in the Odzala and Ndoki regions. American Journal of Primatology 70, 439-451.

    Doran, D. M. & McNeilage, A. (1998) Gorilla ecology and behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 120-131.

    Doran, D. M. & McNeilage, A. (2001) Subspecific variation in gorilla behavior: the influence of ecological and social factors. S. 123-149 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

    Doran, D. M. et al. (2002) Western lowland gorilla diet and resource availability: new evidence, cross-site comparisons, and reflections on indirect sampling methods. American Journal of Primatology 58, 91-116.

    Doran, D. M. et al. (2004) Impact of ecological and social factors on ranging in western gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 64, 207-222.

    Doran-Sheehy, D. M. et al. (2006) Sympatric western gorilla and mangabey diet. S. 49-72 in: Hohmann, G. et al. (Hrsg.) Feeding ecology in apes and other primates. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Douadi, M. I. et al. (2007) Sex-biased dispersal in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Molecular Ecology 16, 2247-2259.

    Eckardt, W. et al. (2019) Social and ecological factors alter stress physiology of Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Ecology and Evolution 9 (9), 5248-5259.

    Effiom, E. O. et al. (2013) Bushmeat hunting changes regeneration of African rainforests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280, 20130246.

    Elliott, R. C. (1976) Observations on a small group of mountain gorillas. Folia primatologica 25, 12-24.

    Fay, J. M. et al. (1989) Gorillas in the Likouala swamp forests of north central Congo: Preliminary data on populations and ecology. International Journal of Primatology 10, 477-486.

    Forcina, G. et al. (2019) From groups to communities in western lowland gorillas. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, 20182019.

    Fossey, D. (1974) Observations on the home range of one group of mountain gorillas. Animal behaviour 22, 568-581.

    Fossey, D. & Harcourt, A. H. (1977) Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorillas. S. 415-447 in: Clutton-Brock, T. H. (Hrsg.) Primate ecology. London (Academic Press)

    Fünfstück, T. et al. (2014) The genetic population structure of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in continuous rain forest. American Journal of Primatology, 76 (9), 868-878.

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    Yamagiwa, J. & Basabose, A. K. (2014) Socioecological Flexibility of Gorillas and Chimpanzees. S. 43-74 in: Yamagiwa, J. & Karczmarski, L. (eds.) (2014) Primates and Cetaceans: Field Research and Conservation of Complex Mammalian Societies (Primatology Monographs). Springer.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1989) A preliminary study on sympatric populations of Gorilla g. graueri and Pan t. schweinfurthii in eastern Zaire. Interspecies relationships of primates in the tropical and montane forests 1, 23-40.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1996) Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire. S. 82-98 in: McGrew, W. et al. (Hrsg.) Great ape societies. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2005) Diet of Grauer's gorillas in the Montane Forest of Kahuzi, Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology 26, 1345-1373.

    Yamagiwa, J. & Kahekwa, J. (2001) Dispersal patterns, group structure, and reproductive parameters of eastern lowland gorillas at Kahuzi in the absence of infanticide. S. 89-122 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

    Yamagiwa, J. & Mwanza, N. (1994) Day-journey length and daily diet of solitary male gorillas in lowland and highland habitats. International Journal of Primatology 15, 207-224.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1991) Ant eating by eastern lowland gorillas. Primates 32, 247-253.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1992) Travel distances and food habits of eastern lowland gorillas: A comparative analysis. S. 267-281 in: Itoigawa, M. et al. (Hrsg.) Topics in Primatology Vol. 2: Behavior, ecology and conservation. Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1994) Seasonal change in the composition of the diet of eastern lowland gorillas. Primates 35, 1-14.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2003) Within-group feeding competition and socioecological factors influencing social organization of gorillas in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. S. 328-357 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2003) Intra-specific variation in social organization of gorillas: implications for their social evolution. Primates 44, 359-369.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2009) Infanticide and social flexibility in the genus Gorilla. Primates 50, 293-303.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2012) Long-term research on Grauer’s gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC: life history, foraging strategies, and ecological differentiation from sympatric chimpanzees. S. 385-412 in: Kappeler, P. M. & Watts, D. P. (Hrsg.) Long-term field studies of primates. Berlin, Heidelberg (Springer).

    Yuh, Y. G. et al. (2019) Effects of Land cover change on Great Apes distribution at the Lobéké National Park and its surrounding Forest Management Units, South-East Cameroon. A 13 year time series analysis. Scientific Reports 9 (1), 1445.

    Yumoto, T. et al. (1989) Feeding habit of primates in the tropical forests of eastern Zaire. Interspecies relationships of primates in the tropical and montane forests 1, 41-51.

  • Physiologie

    Clark, F. E. et al. (2012) Relationship Between Behavior, Adrenal Activity, and Environment in Zoo-Housed Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoo Biology 31, 306–321.

    Czekala, N. M. et al. (1987) Direct measurements of urinary estrone conjugates during the normal menstrual cycle of the gorilla. American Journal of Primatology 12, 223-229.

    Czekala, N. & Robbins, M. M. (2001) Assessment of reproduction and stress through hormone analysis in gorillas. S. 317-339 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

    Czekala, N. & Sicotte, P. (2000) Reproductive monitoring of free-ranging female mountain gorillas by urinary hormone analysis. American Journal of Primatology 51, 209-215.

    Dunn, R. R. et al. (2020) The Internal, External and Extended Microbiomes of Hominins. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8, article 25.

    Edes, A. N. et al. (2016) Assessing Stress in Zoo-Housed Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Using Allostatic Load. Int. J. Primatol. 37, 241-259.

    Edes, A. N. et al. (2016) Rearing History and Allostatic Load in Adult Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Human Care. Zoo Biology 35, 167-173.

    Gamble, K. C. et al. (2011) Blood groups in the Species Survival Plan, European Endangered Species Program, and managed in situ populations of bonobo (Pan paniscus), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla ssp.) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ssp.). Zoo Biology 30, 427-444.

    Gould, K. G. & Kling, O. R. (1982) Fertility in the male gorilla: relationships to semen parameters and serum hormones. American Journal of Primatology 2, 311-316.

    Habumuremyi, S. et al. (2016) Endocrine assessment of ovarian cycle activity in wild female mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Physiology & Behavior 157, 185–195.

    Jänig, S. et al. (2019) Comparative chemical analysis of body odor in great apes. American Journal of Primatology 81 (6), e22976.

    Magliocca, F. E. & Gautier-Hion, A. (2002) Mineral content as a basis for food selection by western lowland gorillas in a forest clearing. American Journal of Primatology 57, 67-77.

    McClure, H. M. et al. (1972) Hematologic and blood chemistry data for the gorilla. Folia Primatologica 18, 300-316.

    Mitchell, W. R. et al. (1982) Urinary immuno-reactive estrogen and pregnanediol-3 glucuronide during the normal menstrual cycle of the female lowland gorilla. American Journal of Primatology 2, 167-175.

    Morrison, R. et al. (2023) Cumulative early-life adversity does not predict reduced adult longevity in wild gorillas. Current Biology 33 (11), P2307-2314.E4.

    Nadler, R. D. & Collins, D. C. (1991) Copulatory frequency, urinary pregnanediol, and fertility in great apes. American Journal of Primatology 24, 167-179.

    Nadler, R. D. et al. (1979) Plasma gonadotropins, prolactin, gonadal steroids, and genital swelling during the menstrual cycle of lowland gorillas. Endocrinology 105, 290-296.

    Patterson, F. G. P. et al. (1991) Cyclic changes in hormonal, physical, behavioral, and linguistic measures in a female lowland gorilla. American Journal of Primatology 24, 181-194.

    Peel, A. J. et al. (2005) Non-invasive fecal hormone analysis and behavioral observations for monitoring stress responses in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoo Biology 24, 431-445.

    Platz, C. C. (1987) Evaluating the fertility of the male lowland gorilla. International Zoo News 34(6), No. 205, 13-17.

    Remis, M. J. et al. (2001) Nutritional aspects of western lowland gorilla diet during seasons of fruit scarcity at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. International Journal of Primatology 22, 807-836.

    Robbins, M. M. & Czekala, N. M. (1997) A preliminary investigation of urinary testosterone and cortisol levels in wild male mountain gorillas. American Journal pf Primatology 43, 51-64.

    Shutt, K. et al. (2014) Effects of habituation, research and ecotourism on faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in wild western lowland gorillas: implications for conservation management. Biological Conservation 172, 72-79.

    Socha, W. W. & Moor-Jankowski, J. (1979) Blood groups of anthropoid apes and their relationship to human blood groups. Journal of Human Evolution 8, 453-465.

    Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2002) Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive male western lowland gorillas: age- and social group-related differences. American Journal of Primatology 56, 73-87.

    Whittier, C. A. et al. (2011) Proximate composition of milk from free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Zoo Biology 30, 308-317.

  • Regenwald-Problematik in Afrika; Politik, Wirtschaft in Afrika

    Abernethy, K. A. et al. (2013) Extent and ecological consequences of hunting in Central African rainforests in the twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368, 20120303.

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    Barbier, E. B. et al. (1994) The economics of the tropical timber trade. London (Earthscan).

    Beekmann, M. et al. (2024) Uncertain future for Congo Basin biodiversity: A systematic review of climate change impacts. Biological Conservation 297, 110730.

    Behrend, R. & Paczian, W. (1990) Raubmord am Regenwald. Vom Kampf gegen das Sterben der Erde. Reinbek (Rowohlt).

    Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa and its islands (1990). Gland (IUCN).

    Blockhus, J. M. et al. (1992) Conserving biological diversity in managed tropical forests. Gland (IUCN).

    Bowles, I. A. et al (1998) Logging and tropical forest conservation. Science 280, 1899-1900.

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    Buřivalová, Z. et al. (2023) Broadening the focus of forest conservation beyond carbon. Current Biology 33 (11), PR621-R635.

    Cazzolla Gatti, R. et al. (2015) The impact of selective logging and clearcutting on forest structure, tree diversity and above-ground biomass of African tropical forests. Ecol. Res. 30, 119-132.

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    Deforestation and the forest peoples of Central Africa. infoe-Studie 6. Mönchengladbach 1990.

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    Eckardt, W. et al. (2019) Social and ecological factors alter stress physiology of Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Ecology and Evolution 9 (9), 5248-5259.

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    Harcourt, A. H & Pennington, H. (1986) Local attitudes to wildlife and conservation. Primate Eye 29 (Suppl.), 12-15.

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    Haurez, B. et al. (2018) Seed dispersal effectiveness of the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Gabon. Afr. J. Ecol. 56 (2), 185-193.

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    IUCN (1992) Conservation atlas of tropical forests, Africa.

    Johns, A. D. & Skorupa, J. P. (1987) Responses of rain forest primates to habitat disturbance: a review. International Journal of Primatology 8, 157-191.

    Junker, J. et al. (2012) Recent decline in suitable environmental conditions for African great apes. Diversity and Distributions 18, 1077–1099.

    Karsenty, A. (2020) Géopolitique des forêts d’Afrique centrale. Hérodote 179 (4), 108-129.

    Kleinschroth, F. et al. (2019) Road expansion and persistence in forests of the Congo Basin. Nature Sustainability 628(2), 628-634.

    Masi, S. & Breuer, T. (2018) Dialium seed coprophagy in wild western gorillas: Multiple nutritional benefits and toxicity reduction hypotheses. Amer. J. Primatol. 80 (4), e22752.

    Mayaux, P. (2013) State and evolution of the African rainforests between 1990 and 2010. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368, 20120300.

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    Morgan, D. et al. (2018) African apes coexisting with logging: Comparing chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) resource needs and responses to forestry activities. Biological Conservation 218, 277-286.

    Morgan, D. et al. (2019) Impacts of Selective Logging and Associated Anthropogenic Disturbance on Intact Forest Landscapes and Apes of Northern Congo. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2 (28).

    Myers, N. (1987) Trends in the destruction of rain forests. S. 3-22 in: Marsh, C. W. & Mittermeier, R. A. (Hrsg.) Primate conservation in the tropical rain forest. New York (Alan R. Liss).

    Pendrill, T. A. et al. (2022) Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation. Science 377 (6611), eabm9267.

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    Seiler, N. et al. (2017) Space partitioning in wild, non-territorial mountain gorillas: The impact of food and neighbours. Royal Society Open Science 4 (11), 1-13.

    Seiler, N. et al. (2018) Social and ecological correlates of space use patterns in Bwindi mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 80 (4), e22754.

    Spinage, C. L. (1972) The ecology and problems of the Volcano National Park, Rwanda. Biological Conservation 4, 194-204.

    Sze, J. S. et al. (2022) Indigenous lands in protected areas have high forest integrity across the tropics. Current Biology 32, 4949-4956.

    Tabor, G. M. et al. (1990) Deciding the future of Uganda's tropical forests. Oryx 24 (4), 208-214.

    Tudge, S. J. et al. (2022) The impacts of human activity on mammals in a community forest near the Dja Biosphere Reserve in Cameroon. Oryx, First View.

    Tyukavina, A. et al. (2018) Congo Basin forest loss dominated by increasing smallholder clearing. Science Advances 4(11), eaat2993.

    Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1987) Gabon: a fragile sanctuary. Primate Conservation 8, 160-161.

    van der Valk, T. et al. (2018) Significant loss of mitochondrial diversity within the last century due to extinction of peripheral populations in eastern gorillas. Scientific Reports 8, 6551.

    Weber, W. et al. (Hrsg.) (2001) African rain forest ecology and conservation. New Haven, London (Yale University Press).

    Wilkie, D. et al. (2000) Roads, development, and conservation in the Congo Basin. Conservation Biology 14, 1614-1622.

  • Tourismus

    Ahebwa et al. (2012) Tourism revenue sharing policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: a policy arrangements approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20 (3), 377-394.

    Boo, E. (1990) Ecotourism: The Potentials and Pitfalls, Vol. I. WWF, Washington D. C.

    Butler, R. W. (1991) Tourism, environment, and sustainable development. Environmental Conservation 18, 201-209.

    Butynski, T. M. & Kalina, J. (1998) Gorilla tourism: A critical look. In: Conservation of Biological Resources. E. J. Milner-Gulland & R. Mace (Hrsg.). Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, S. 280-300.

    Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1996) Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected Areas: The State of Nature-Based Tourism around the World and Guidelines for its Development. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

    Costa, R. F. P. et al. (2022) Mountain gorillas benefit from social distancing too: Close proximity from tourists affects gorillas' sociality. Conservation Science and Practice, e12859.

    Costa, R. et al. (2023) The impact of tourist visits on mountain gorilla behavior in Uganda. Journal of Ecotourism.

    Duffus, D. (1993) Tsitika to Baram: The myth of sustainability. Conservation Biology 7, 440-442.

    Ellenberg, L. et al. (1997) Ökotourismus: Reisen zwischen Ökonomie und Ökologie. Heidelberg (Spektrum).

    Evans, S. (2000) Ecotourism in tropical rainforests: an environmental management option for threatened resources? In: X. Font & J. Tribe (Hrsg.) Forest tourism and recreation: Case studies in environmental management. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International.

    Goldsmith, M. L. (2014): Mountain gorilla tourism as a conservation tool: have we tipped the balance? Pp. 177–198 in: Russon, A. E. & Wallis, J.: Primate Tourism: A Tool for Conservation? Cambridge ( Cambridge University Press)

    Hanes, A. C. et al. (2018) Assessment of Health Risks Posed by Tourists Visiting Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Primate Conservation 32, 123-132.

    Klailova, M. et al. (2010) Behavioral responses of one western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic, to tourists, researchers and trackers. American Journal of Primatology 71, 1-10.

    Köndgen, S. et al. (2008) Pandemic human viruses cause decline of endangered great apes. Current Biology 18, 1-5.

    Kohnen, K.-H. & Braun, R. (1989) Cash apes - das Geschäft mit dem Gorilla-Tourismus. S. 159-169 in: Euler, C. (Hrsg.) "Eingeborene" - ausgebucht. Ökozid 5. Gießen (Focus).

    Kreib, Y. (1989) Umweltverträglicher Tourismus - mehr als nur ein Werbetrick. Gießen (Focus-Verlag).

    Laudati, A. (2010) Ecotourism: the modern predator? Implications of gorilla tourism on local livelihoods in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Environment and Planning D: Society & Space 28 (4), 726-743.

    Laudati, A. (2010): The encroaching forest: struggles overland and resources on the boundary of Bwindi Impentrable National Park, Uganda. Society and Natural Resources 23, 776-789. 

    Litchfield, C. (2001) Responsible tourism with great apes in Uganda. In: S. F. McCool & R. N. Moisey (Hrsg.), Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International.

    Muresherwa, G. et al. (2022) The management of mountain gorilla tourism in Uganda: Are the socio-economic benefits realised? J. transdiscipl. res. S. Afr. 18 (1), a1136.

    McNeilage A. (1996) Ecotourism and mountain gorillas in the Virunga volcanoes. In: Taylor, V. J. & Dunstone, N. (Hrsg.) The Exploitation of Mammal Populations, S. 334-344. London, Chapman & Hall.

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    Moulton, M. P. & Sanderson, J. (1996) Wildlife issues in a changing world. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Florida.

    Nuno, A. et al. (2022) Protecting great apes from disease: Compliance with measures to reduce anthroponotic disease transmission. People and Nature 4 (5), 1387-1400.

    Prescott-Allen, R. & Prescott-Allen, C. (1996) Assessing the sustainability of uses of wild species: Case studies and initial procedures. IUCN, Cambridge, UK.

    Robbins, M. M. et al. (2011) Extreme Conservation Leads to Recovery of the Virunga Mountain Gorillas. PLoS one 6 (6), e19788.

    Russon, A. & Wallis, J. (eds.; 2014) Primate Tourism: A Tool for Conservation? Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Rwego, I. B. et al. (2008) Gastrointestinal bacterial transmission among humans, mountain gorillas, and livestock in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Conservation Biology 22, 1600-1607.

    Sandbrook, C. (2010) Putting leaking in its place: the significance of retained tourism revenue in the local context in rural Uganda. Journal of International Development 22, 124-136.

    Sandbrook, C. & Semple, S. (2006) The rules and the reality of mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei tracking: how close do tourists get? Oryx 40, 428-433.

    Shutt, K. et al. (2014) Effects of habituation, research and ecotourism on faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in wild western lowland gorillas: implications for conservation management. Biological Conservation 172, 72-79.

    Snyman, S. et al. (2023) Benefit-sharing from protected area tourism: A 15-year review of the Rwanda tourism revenue sharing programme. Frontiers in Sustainable Tourism1, 1052052.

    Stewart, K. J. (1992) Gorilla tourism: Problems of control. Gorilla Conservation News 6, 15-16.

    Stewart, K. J. (1993) Gorilla tourism: A reply to Zaire. Gorilla Conservation News 7, 12-13.

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    Woodford, M. H. et al. (2002) Habituating the great apes: the disease risk. Oryx 38, 153-160.

  • Verhalten

    Anderson, J. R. et al. (2019) Nesting, sleeping, and nighttime behaviors in wild and captive great apes. Primates 60 (4), 321–332.

    Bernstein, I. S. (1969) A comparison of the nesting patterns among the three great apes. S. 393-402 in: Bourne, G. H. (Hrsg.) The chimpanzee Vol. 1. Basel (Karger).

    Blom, A. et al. (2004) Behavioral responses of gorillas to habituation in the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. International Journal of Primatology 25, 179-196.

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    Bradley, B. J. et al. (2004) Dispersed male networks in western gorillas. Current Biology 14, 510-513.

    Bradley, B. J. et al. (2005) Mountain gorilla tug-of-war: silverbacks have limited control over reproduction in multimale groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102, 9418-9423.

    Bradley, B. J. et al. (2007) Potential for female kin associations in wild western gorillas despite female dispersal. Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 274, 2179-2185.

    Breuer, T. (2007) Mbeli Bai - Forschung auf Waldlichtungen im tropischen Regenwald Afrikas. Zeitschrift des Kölner Zoo 50, 147-160.

    Breuer, T. et al. (2005) First observation of tool use in wild gorillas. PLoS Biology 3, 2041-2043 (online e380).

    Breuer, T. et al. (2016) Sexual coercion and courtship by male western gorillas. Primates 57, 29–38.

    Brown, S. G. (1988) Play behaviour in lowland gorillas: age differences, sex differences, and possible functions. Primates 29, 219-228.

    Brown, S. G. et al. (1982) Notes on water-contact by a captive male lowland gorilla. Zoo Biology 1, 243-249.

    Brown, S. G. & Wagster, M. V. (1986) Socialization processes in a female lowland gorilla. Zoo Biology 5, 269-279.

    Byrne, R. W. (1995) Primate cognition: comparing problems and skills. American Journal of Primatology 37, 127-141.

    Byrne, R. W. (1994) Complex skills in wild mountain gorillas: techniques for gathering plant food. S. 51-59 in: Current Primatology Vol. 3. Strasbourg.

    Byrne, R. W. & Byrne, J. M. E. (1993) Complex leaf-gathering skills of mountain gorillas: variability and standardization. American Journal of Primatology 31, 241-261.

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    Byrne, R. W. (2001) Clever hands: the food-processing skills of mountain gorillas. S. 293-313 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

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    Costa, R. et al. (2023) The impact of tourist visits on mountain gorilla behavior in Uganda. Journal of Ecotourism.

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    Doran, D. M. & McNeilage, A. (1998) Gorilla ecology and behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 120-131.

    Doran, D. M. & McNeilage, A. (2001) Subspecific variation in gorilla behavior: the influence of ecological and social factors. S. 123-149 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

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    Fay, M. (1989) Hand-clapping in western lowland gorillas. Mammalia 53, 457-458.

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    Anon. (1991) Une expérience originale: des ascagnes chez les gorilles. L'espace zoologique St. Martin 21, 11.

    Aspinall, J. (1980) The husbandry of gorillas in captivity. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl. 28, 71-77.

    Aspinall, J. (1986) The Howletts gorilla bands. S. 465-470 in: Benirschke, K. (Hrsg.) Primates: The road to self-sustaining populations. New York (Springer).

    Beck, B. B. (1982) Fertility in North American male lowland gorillas. American Journal of Primatology, Suppl. 1, 7-11.

    Beck, B. B. & Power, M. L. (1988) Correlates of sexual and maternal competence in captive gorillas. Zoo Biology 7, 339-350.

    Bitgood, S. et al. (1988) Controlling public feeding of zoo animals. Visitor behavior 2 (4), 6.

    Bitgood, S. et al. (1986) Understanding your visitors: Ten factors that influence visitor behavior. AAZPA 1986 Ann. Proc., 726-743.

    Bloomsmith, M. A. (1989) Feeding enrichment for captive great apes. S. 336-356 in: Segal, E. F. (Hrsg.) Housing, care and psychological wellbeing of captive and laboratory primates. Park Ridge (Noyes).

    Böer, M. (1983) Several examinations on the reproductive status of lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) at Hannover Zoo. Zoo Biology 2, 267-280.

    Bowen, R. A. (1981) Social integration in lowland gorillas. Dodo 18, 51-59.

    Clark, F. E. et al. (2012) Relationship Between Behavior, Adrenal Activity, and Environment in Zoo-Housed Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoo Biology 31, 306–321.

    Cousins, D. (1976) The breeding of gorillas in zoological collections. Der Zoologische Garten 46, 215-236.

    Cousins, D. (1976) A review of the diets of captive gorillas. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 66, 91-100.

    Douglass, E. M. (1981) First gorilla born using artificial insemination. International Zoo News 28 (1), No. 170, 9-15.

    Edes, A. N. et al. (2016) Assessing Stress in Zoo-Housed Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Using Allostatic Load. Int. J. Primatol. 37, 241-259.

    Edes, A. N. et al. (2016) Rearing History and Allostatic Load in Adult Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Human Care. Zoo Biology 35, 167-173.

    Elsacker, L. van et al. (1990) Social integration of two adult Gorilla gorilla graueri into a group within a new facility. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 81, 41-52.

    Enciso, A. E. et al. (1999) Social interactions between captive male and infant gorillas: implications regarding kin selection and zoo management. Zoo Biology 18, 53-62.

    Goerke, B. et al. (1987) Behavioral changes of a juvenile gorilla after a transfer to a more naturalistic environment. Zoo Biology 6, 283-295.

    Gould, E. & Bres, M. (1986) Regurgitation and reingestion in captive gorillas: description and intervention. Zoo Biology 5, 241-250.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1988) Bachelor groups of gorillas in captivity: the situation in the wild. Dodo 25, 54-61.

    Hill, C. A. (1966) Coprophagy in apes. Int. Zoo Yb. 6, 251-257.

    Hosey, G. R. & Druck, P. L. (1987) The influence of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 18, 19-29.

    Johnstone-Scott, R. (1984) Integration and management of a group of lowland gorillas at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Dodo 21, 67-79.

    Kirchshofer, R. (1970) Gorillazucht in zoologischen Gärten und Forschungsstationen. Der Zoologische Garten 38, 73-96.

    Kopff, H.-O. & Mager, W. B. (1989) Further developments in the breeding population of lowland gorillas at Apenheul. Zoo Biology 9, 165-170.

    Leeds, A. et al. (2015) The Effects of Group Type and Young Silverbacks on Wounding Rates in Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Groups in North American Zoos. Zoo Biology 34, 296-304.

    Lindburg, D. G. (1999) Zoos and the rights of animals. Zoo Biology 18, 433-448.

    Loeffler, D. G. (1982) Regurgitation and reingestion in captive lowland gorillas. Zoo Journal (Oklahoma) 6 (1).

    Mace, G. M. (1988) The genetic and demographic status of the western lowland gorilla in captivity. Journal of Zoology London 216, 629-654.

    Mace, G. M. (1990) Birth sex ratio and infant mortality rates in captive western lowland gorillas. Folia Primatologica 55, 156-165.

    Maple, T. L. & Warren-Leubecker, A. (1983) Variability in the parental conduct of captive great apes and some generalizations to humankind. S. 119-137 in: Reite, M. & Caine, N. G. (Hrsg.) Child abuse: the nonhuman primate data. New York (Alan R. Liss).

    Meder, A. (1985) Integration of hand-reared gorilla infants in a group. Zoo Biology 4, 1-12.

    Meder, A. (1989) Effects of hand-rearing on the behavioral development of infant and juvenile gorillas. Developmental Psychobiology 22, 357-376.

    Meder, A. (1989) Aufzuchtweise und Fortpflanzungserfolg von Flachlandgorillas in Gefangenschaft. Rearing and reproductive success in captive lowland gorillas. In: Kirchshofer, R. Internationales Zuchtbuch für den Gorilla, 1988. International Studbook of the Gorilla, 1988. Frankfurt. Überarbeitete Fassung (1990). Updated version. In: Kirchshofer, R. Internationales Zuchtbuch für den Gorilla, 1989. International Studbook of the Gorilla, 1989. Frankfurt.

    Meder, A. (1990) Integration of hand-reared gorillas into breeding groups. Zoo Biology 9, 157-164.

    Meder A (1992) Effects of the environment on the behaviour of lowland gorillas in zoos. Primate Report 32, 167-183.

    Mentz, I. & Perret, K. (1999) Environmental enrichment bei Flachlandgorillas - Beobachtungen zur Nahrungsaufnahme und zum Manipulationsverhalten. Der Zoologische Garten 69, 49-63.

    Miller-Schroeder, P. & Paterson, J. D. (1989) Environmental influences on reproduction and maternal behavior in captive gorillas. S. 389-415 in: Segal, E. F. (Hrsg.) Housing, care and psychological wellbeing of captive and laboratory primates. Park Ridge (Noyes Publications).

    Nadler, R. D. (1974) Determinants of variability in maternal behavior of captive female lowland gorillas. Proceedings of the 5th Congress of the Internatinal Primatological Society, Nagoya, 207-216.

    Nadler, R. D. (1980) Child abuse: evidence from nonhuman primates. Developmental Psychobiology 13, 507-512.

    Neubauer, S. & Heckner-Bisping, U. (1999) Soziale Interaktionen innerhalb einer Gruppe von männlichen Flachlandgorillas im Loro Parque Teneriffa. Der Zoologische Garten 69, 11-39.

    Neuwald, A. & Heckner-Bisping, U. (2000) Neue Wege in der Haltung von Flachlandgorillas im Loro Parque Teneriffa. Zoo. Garten 70, 376-402.

    Ogden, J. J. et al. (1989) Gorillas of Cameroon: A post-occupancy evaluation. AAZPA Reg. Conf. Proc. (1989), 557-563.

    Peel, A. J. et al. (2005) Non-invasive fecal hormone analysis and behavioral observations for monitoring stress responses in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoo Biology 24, 431-445.

    Pope C. E. et al. (1997) Birth of a western lowland gorilla following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. American Journal of Primatology 41 (3), 247-260.

    Prince-Hughes, D. (2001) Gorillas among us. A primate ethnographer's book of days. Tucson (University of Arizona Press).

    Ross, S. R. et al. (2011) Space use selectivity by chimpanzees and gorillas in an indoor-outdoor enclosure. American Journal of Primatology 73, 197-208.

    Ruempler, U. (1990) Verhaltensänderungen von Flachlandgorillas im Zoologischen Garten Köln nach Futterumstellung. Z. Kölner Zoo 33, 75-84.

    Ryan, S. et al. (2002) Effects of hand-rearing on the reproductive success of western lowland gorillas in North America. Zoo Biology 21, 389-401.

    Sievert, J. et al. (1991) Reproductive intervals in captive female western lowland gorillas with a comparison to wild mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 24, 227-234.

    Spengler, A. & Engel, H. (2012) Eine Gorillafamilie im Umbruch – unkonventionelle Familienintervention. Familiendynamik 37 (2), 2–11. 

    Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2001) A preliminary behavioral comparison of two captive all-male gorilla groups. Zoo Biology 20, 27-40.

    Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2001) Habitat use and structural preferences of captive western lowland gorillas: effects of environmental and social variables. International Journal of Primatology 22, 431-447.

    Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2002) Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive male western lowland gorillas: age- and social group-related differences. American Journal of Primatology 56, 73-87.

    Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2004) Factors influencing the formation and maintenance of all-male gorilla groups in captivity. Zoo Biology 23, 189-203.

    Tennant, K. S. et al. (2022) Prevalence of regurgitation and reingestion and occurrence of coprophagy in the North American AZA Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population. Zoo Biology 41, 176-180.

    Thompson, V. D. (1984) Noncompliant behavior in zoo visitors. Zool. Garten 54, 177-190.

    Vermeer, J. et al. (2014) Progress in the Western lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla European Endangered Species Programme: a review of the decade 2002-2011. International Zoo Yearbook 48 (1), 234-249.

    Vermeer, J. & Devreese, L. (2015) Birth sex ratio, infant mortality and rearing type in captive western lowland gorillas. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 3 (1), 6-10.

    Vrancken, A. et al. (1990) Preliminary study on the influence of the visiting public on the spatial distribution in captive eastern lowland gorillas. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 81, 9-15.

    Weghorst, J. A. & McGrew, W. C. (2000) Up where they belong? Habitat and activity budgets in two captive groups of western lowland gorillas. Zool. Garten 70, 273-284.

    Wells, D. L. (2005) A note on the influence of visitors on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93, 13-17.

    White, M. (1999) An overview of the St. Louis bachelor group(s). Gorilla Gazette13 (1), 34-36.

    Wilson, S. F. (1982) Environmental influences on the activity of captive apes. Zoo Biology 1, 201-209.

Schutzgebiete

  • Bwindi

    Ahebwa et al. (2012) Tourism revenue sharing policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: a policy arrangements approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20 (3), 377-394.

    Ashford R. W. et al. (1996) Patterns of intestinal parasitism in the mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla in the Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. Journal of Zoology 239 (3), 507-514.

    Baker, J. et al. (2011) Park gazettement and integrated conservation and development as factors in community conflict at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. Conservation Biology 26, 160-170.

    Butynski, T. M. (1985) Primates and their conservation in the Impenetrable (Bwindi) Forest, Uganda. Primate Conservation 6, 15-16.

    Butynski, T. M. & Kalina, J. (1990) Taxonomic status of gorillas in the Impenetrable (Bwindi) Forest, Uganda. American Zoologist 30 (4), 73A.

    Butynski, T. M. & Kalina, J. (1993) Three new mountain national parks for Uganda. Oryx 27, 214-224.

    Costa, R. F. P. et al. (2022) Mountain gorillas benefit from social distancing too: Close proximity from tourists affects gorillas' sociality. Conservation Science and Practice, e12859.

    Costa, R. et al. (2023) The impact of tourist visits on mountain gorilla behavior in Uganda. Journal of Ecotourism, 1-19.

    Elgart, A. A. (2010) Are the gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park "true" mountain gorillas? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 141, 561-570.

    Ganas, J. & Robbins, M. M. (2005) Ranging behavior of the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: a test of the ecological constraints model. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58, 277-288.

    Ganas, J. et al. (2004) Dietary variability of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 25, 1043-1072.

    Goldman, E. et al. 2015. Predicting Future Forest Loss in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s CARPE Landscapes. Technical Note. Washington, D.C. (World Resources Institute).

    Goldsmith, M. L. (2003) Comparative behavioral ecology of a lowland and highland gorilla population: where do Bwindi gorillas fit? S. 358-384 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Guschanski, K. et al. (2009) Counting elusive animals: Comparing field and genetic census of the entire mountain gorilla population of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Biological Conservation 142, 290-300.

    Hamilton, A. et al. (2000) Conservation in a region of political instability: Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. Conservation Biology 14, 1722-1725.

    Hanes, A. C. et al. (2018) Assessment of Health Risks Posed by Tourists Visiting Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Primate Conservation 32, 123-132.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1981) Can Uganda's gorillas survive? A survey of the Bwindi Forest Reserve. Biological Conservation 19, 269-282.

    Hedwig, D. et al. (2015) Audience Effects, but not Environmental Influences, Explain Variation in Gorilla Close Distance Vocalizations - A Test of the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis. American Journal of Primatology 77, 1239-1252.

    Kalema-Zikusoka, G. et al. (2005) Intestinal parasites and bacteria of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Primates 46, 59-63.

    Laudati, A. (2010) Ecotourism: the modern predator? Implications of gorilla tourism on local livelihoods in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Environment and Planning D: Society & Space 28 (4), 726-743.

    Laudati, A. (2010) The encroaching forest: struggles overland and resources on the boundary of Bwindi Impentrable National Park, Uganda. Society and Natural Resources 23, 776-789.

    McNeilage, A. et al. (2001) Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: gorilla census 1997. Oryx 35, 39-47.

    McNeilage, A. et al. (2006) Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx 40, 419-427.

    Mudakikwa, A. (2001) An outbreak of mange hits the Bwindi gorillas. Gorilla Journal 22, 24.

    Muresherwa, G. et al. (2022) The management of mountain gorilla tourism in Uganda: Are the socio-economic benefits realised? J. transdiscipl. res. S. Afr. 18 (1), a1136.

    Muylaert, R. L. et al. (2021) Community health and human-animal contacts on the edges of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. PLoS ONE 16 (11), e0254467.

    Nkurunungi, J. B. et al. (2004) A comparison of two mountain gorilla habitats in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 42, 289-297.

    Ostrofsky, K. R. & Robbins, M. M. (2020) Fruit-feeding and activity patterns of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2020, 1-18 (early view).

    Pitman, C. R. S. (1935) The gorillas of the Kayonsa region, western Kigezi, S. W. Uganda. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1935, 477-494.Robbins, M. M. (2008) Feeding competition and agonistic relationships among Bwindi Gorilla beringei. International Journal of Primatology 29, 999-1018.

    Robbins, M. M. & McNeilage, A. (2003) Home range and frugivory patterns of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 24, 467-491.

    Robbins, M. M. & Robbins, A. M. (2021) Variability of weaning age in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 174 (4): ajpa.24237, 776-784.

    Robbins, M. M. & Sawyer, S. C. (2007) Intergroup encounters in mountain gorillas of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Behaviour 144, 1497-1519.

    Robbins, M. M. et al. (2009) Population dynamics of the Bwindi mountain gorillas. Biological Conservation 142, 2886-2895.

    Robbins, M. M. et al. (2019) Dispersal and reproductive careers of male mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda Primates 60 (2), 133-142.

    Rothman, J. M. et al. (2006) Decaying wood is a sodium source for mountain gorillas. Biology letters 2, 321-324.

    Rothman, J. M. et al. (2006) Plant choice in the construction of night nests by gorillas in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. American Journal of Primatology 68, 361-368.

    Rwego, I. B. et al. (2008) Gastrointestinal bacterial transmission among humans, mountain gorillas, and livestock in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Conservation Biology 22, 1600-1607.

    Sandbrook, C. (2010) Putting leaking in its place: the significance of retained tourism revenue in the local context in rural Uganda. Journal of International Development 22, 124-136.

    Sandbrook, C. & Semple, S. (2006) The rules and the reality of mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringeitracking: how close do tourists get? Oryx 40, 428-433.

    Sarmiento, E. E. et al. (1996) Gorillas of Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest and the Virunga Volcanoes: Taxonomic implications of morphological and ecological differences. American Journal of Primatology 40, 1-21.

    Seiler, N. & Robbins, M. M. (2015) Factors Influencing Ranging on Community Land and Crop Raiding by Mountain Gorillas. Animal Conservation.

    Seiler, N. et al. (2017) Space partitioning in wild, non-territorial mountain gorillas: The impact of food and neighbours. Royal Society Open Science 4 (11), 1-13.

    Seiler, N. et al. (2018) Social and ecological correlates of space use patterns in Bwindi mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 80 (4), e22754.

    Stanford, C. B. & Nkurunungi, J. B. (2003) Behavioral ecology of sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: diet. International Journal of Primatology 24, 901-918.

    Strona, G. et al. (2018) Small room for compromise between oil palm cultivation and primate conservation in Africa. PNAS 115 (35) 8811-8816.

    Tolbert, S. et al. (2019) The Perceived Benefits of Protected Areas in the Virunga-Bwindi Massif. Environmental Conservation 46, Special Issue 1, 76-83.

    Weber, A. et al. (2020) Lack of Rule-Adherence During Mountain Gorilla Tourism Encounters in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, Places Gorillas at Risk From Human Disease. Frontiers of Public Health 8, 1.

    Wright, E. & Robbins, M. M. (2014) Proximate mechanisms of contest competition among female Bwindi mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68 (11), 1785-1797.

    Wright, E. et al. (2014) Dominance rank differences in the energy intake and expenditure of female Bwindi mountain gorillas. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68 (6), 957-970.

  • Cross-River-Region

    Akenji, L et al. (2019) Community-Based Monitoring of Cross River Gorillas in South West Region, Cameroon. African Primates 13, 29-38.

    Anadu, P. A. (1987) Prospects for conservation of forest primates in Nigeria. Primate Conservation 8, 154-159.

    Bergl, R. A. & Vigilant, L. (2007) Genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Molecular Ecology 16, 501-516.

    Bergl, R. A. et al. (2008) Effects of habitat fragmentation, population size and gemographic history on genetic diversity: the Cross River gorilla in a comparative context. American Journal of Primatology 70, 848-859.

    Bergl, R. A. et al. (2012) Remote sensing analysis reveals habitat, dispersal corridors and expanded distribution for the Critically Endangered Cross River gorilla Gorilla gorilla diehli. Oryx 46, 278-289.

    Effiom, E. O. et al. (2013) Bushmeat hunting changes regeneration of African rainforests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280, 20130246.

    Eniang, Edem A. (2001) The role of the Cross River National Park in gorilla conservation. Gorilla Journal 22, 25-26.

    Etiendem, D. N. et al. (2013) The Cross River Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) at Mawambi Hills, South-West Cameroon: Habitat Suitability and Vulnerability to Anthropogenic Disturbance. Folia Primatologica 84, 18–31.

    Groves, J. L. (1999) Gorillas in the Takamanda Forest Reserve. Gorilla Journal 18, 17-18.

    Groves, J. (2001) Gorillas of Takamanda, Mone and Mbulu Forest, Cameroon. Gorilla Journal 22, 27-29.

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1989) Nigeria's Gorillas. Primate Conservation 10.

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1989) Gorilla quest in Nigeria. Oryx 23.

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1988) Conservation status of gorillas in Nigeria. Primate Eye 35, 26-27.

    Harris, D. et al. (1987) Report of gorillas from Nigeria. Primate Conservation 8, 40.

    Imong, I. S. et al. (2014) Distinguishing ecological constraints from human activity in species range fragmentation: The case of Cross River gorillas. Animal Conservation 17 (4), 323-331.

    Imong, I. S. et al. (2014) Informing conservation management about structural versus functional connectivity: A case-study of Cross River gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 76 (10), 978-988.

    Kotch, N. (1988) The gorillas of eastern Nigeria. Swara (East African Wildlife Society) 11(3), 25-27.

    March, E. W. (1957) Gorillas of Eastern Nigeria. Oryx 4, 30-34.

    Moffat & Linden (1995) Perception and reality: assessing priorities for sustainable development in the Niger river delta. Ambio 24.

    Nicholas, A. et al. (2010) Successes in Community-Based Monitoring of Cross River Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) in Cameroon. African Primates 7 (1), 55-60.

    Nkemnyi, M. F. et al. (2013) Making hard choices: balancing indigenous communities livelihood and Cross River gorilla conservation in the Lebialem–Mone Forest landscape, Cameroon. Environment, Development and Sustainability, online November 2012.

    Oates J. F. (1991) New plans for the conservation of Nigerian gorillas. Gorilla Conserv. News 5, 13-15.

    Oates, J. F. et al. (2003) The Cross River gorilla: natural history and status of a neglected and critically endangered subspecies. S. 472-497 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Oates, J. F. et al. (2004) Africa's Gulf of Guinea forests: biodiversity patterns and conservation priorities. Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science 6. Washington, DC (Conservation International).

    Sarmiento, E. E. & Oates, J. F. (1999) Eigene Gorilla-Unterart in Nigeria? Cross River gorillas - a neglected subspecies. Gorilla Journal 19.

    Sarmiento, E. E. & Oates, J. F. (2000) The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904. American Museum Novitates 3304.

    Sunderland-Groves, J. L. et al. (2003) Surveys of the Cross River gorilla and chimpanzee populations in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. S. 129-140 in: Comiskey, J. A. et al. (Hrsg.) Takamanda: the biodiversity of an African rainforest. SI/MAB Series 8. Washington, D. C. (Smithsonian Institution).

    van der Valk, T. et al. (2019) Historical Genomes Reveal the Genomic Consequences of Recent Population Decline in Eastern Gorillas. Current Biology 29, 165-170.

    Wright, J. H. & Priston, N. E. C. (2010) Hunting and trapping in Lebialem Division, Cameroon: bushmeat harvesting practices and human reliance. Endangered Species Research (1), 1-12.

  • Itombwe

    Butynski, T. M. et al. (1996) Vorläufiger Bericht über eine Studie im südlichen Itombwe-Massiv, Ostzaire. Gorilla-Journal 13.

    Collar, N. J. & Stuart, S. N. (1988) Key forests for threatened birds in Africa. IGBP Monograph 3.

    Doumenge, C. (1998) Forest diversity, distribution, and dynamique in the Itombwe mountain, South-Kivu, Congo Democratic Republic. Mountain Research and Development 18, 249-264.

    Doumenge, C. & Schilter, C. (eds.) (1997) Les Monts Itombwe: d’une enquête environnementale et socio-économique à la planification des interventions au Zaïre. UICN, Gland, Suisse.

    Hart, J. A. et al. (1999) The Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of Congo: biological surveys and conservation, with an emphasis on Grauer's gorilla and birds endemic to the Albertine Rift. Oryx 33, 301-322.

    Kujirakwinja, D. et al. (2019) Establishing the Itombwe Natural Reserve: science, participatory consultations and zoning. Oryx 53 (1), 49-57.

    Laurent, R. F. (1964) Adaptive modifications in frogs in an isolated highland fauna in Central Africa. Evolution 18, 458-467.

    Mubalama, L. et al. (2008) Using GIS to assess the status and conservation considerations of large mammals in the Itombwe Massif Conservation Landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo. Nature et Faune 23, 43-50.

    Mubalama, L. et al. (2013) L'approche cadre conjoint comme stratégie de délimitation participative du massif forestier d'Itombwe et du Bushema. Pp. 246-258 in: Isumbisho, M. (ed.) Gouvernance des ressources naturelles collectives des écosystèmes fragiles dans la Région des Grands Lacs Africains. CERUKI. HAL.

    Omari, I. et al. (1999) The Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of Congo: biological surveys and conservation, with an emphasis on Grauer's gorilla and birds endemic to the Albertine Rift. Oryx 33, 301-322.

    Plumptre, A. J. et al. (2016) Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. PLoS ONE 11 (10): e0162697.

    Prigogine, A. (1971) Les oiseaux de l'Itombwe et de son hinterland. Vol. 1. Ann. Musée Royal Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. Serie 8, Sci. Zoo no. 185.

    Prigogine, A. (1977) The composition of Itombwe forest's avifauna. Bonn. Zool. Beitr. Heft, 28 (3-4), 369-383.

    Prigogine, A. (1978) Les oiseaux de l'Itombwe et de son hinterland, Vol. 2. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Serie 6, Sciences Zoologiques, No. 228.

    Prigogine, A. (1984) Les oiseaux de l'Itombwe et de son hinterland. Vol. 3. Ann. Musée Royal Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. Serie 8, Sci. Zoo no. 243.

    Spira, S. et al. (2019) The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx 53 (1), 136-144.

    Wilson, J. R. & Catsis, M. C. (1990) A preliminary survey of the forests of the "Itombwe" Mountains and the Kahuzi-Biega National Park Extension, East Zaire, July-September 1989. WWF/IZCN/FFPS.

  • Kahuzi-Biega

    Casimir, M. J. (1975) Feeding ecology and nutrition of an eastern gorilla group in the Mt. Kahuzi region (République de Zaire). Folia Primatologica 24, 81-136.

    Casimir, M. J. (1975) Some data on the systematic position of the eastern gorilla population of the Mt. Kahuzi region (Rep. of Zaire). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 66, 188-201.

    Casimir, M. J. (1979) An analysis of gorilla nesting sites of the Mt. Kahuzi region (Zaire). Folia Primatologica 32, 290-308.

    Casimir, M. J. & Butenandt, E. (1973) Migration and core area shifting in relation to some ecological factors in a mountain gorilla group in the Mt. Kahuzi region. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 33, 514-522.

    Eilenberger, U. (1997) Individual group specific and ecological influence factors on the status of endoparasites of wild eastern lowland gorillas in Zaire. Primate Report 47: 89-93.

    Eilenberger, U. (1997) Parasiten bei Gorillas und Menschen im selben Lebensraum. Endoparasites in gorillas and humans in the same habitat. Gorilla-Journal 15.

    Fischer, E. (1996) Die Vegetation des Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega, Sud-Kivu, Zaire. Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag).

    Goodall, A. G. (1977) Feeding and ranging behaviour of a mountain gorilla group in the Tshibinda-Kahuzi region (Zaire) S. 449-479 in: Clutton-Brock, T. H. (Hrsg.) Primate ecology. London (Academic Press).

    Inogwabini, B.-I. et al. (2000) Status of large mammals in the mountain sector of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, in 1996. African Journal of Ecology 38, 269-276.

    Isumbisho, P. M. et al. (2023) Customary Rights and the New Conservation Paradigm in the Context of the Conflict in Kahuzi Biega National Park in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 6 (1).

    Kasereka, B. et al. (2006) Vulnerability of habituated Grauer's gorilla to poaching in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC. African Study Monographs 27 (1), 15-26.

    Murnyak, D. F. (1981) Censusing the gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Biological Conservation 21,163-176.

    Plumptre, A. J. et al. (2016) Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. PLoS ONE 11 (10), e0162697.

    Plumptre, A. J. et al. (2021) Changes in Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and other primate populations in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Oku Community Reserve, the heart of Grauer's gorilla global range. American Journal of Primatology 83 (7), e23288.

    Schuler, C. (2013) Leben und Überleben im Kongo. Gorillaschutz und Familienleben im Krieg. Altdorf (BfT Verlag).

    Simpson, F. O. & Geenen, S. (2021) Batwa return to their Eden? Intricacies of violence and resistance in eastern DRCongo's Kahuzi-Biega National Park, The Journal of Peasant Studies.

    Spira, S. et al. (2019) The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx 53 (1), 136-144.

    Spira, S. et al. (2019) Understanding ranger motivation and job satisfaction to improve wildlife protection in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oryx 53 (3), 460-468.

    Wina, E. (1989) Observations on the nesting of eastern lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla graueri at the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire. Interspecies relationships of primates in the tropical and montane forests 1, 97-101.

    Yamagiwa, J. (1983) Diachronic changes in two eastern lowland gorilla groups in the Mt. Kahuzi region, Zaire. Primates 24, 174-183.

    Yamagiwa, J. (1997) Mushamukas Geschichte: die größte und dauerhafteste Gruppe. Mushamuka's story: the largest group and the longest tenure. Gorilla-Journal 15.

    Yamagiwa, J. (2001) Factors influencing the formation of ground nests by eastern lowland gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park: some evolutionary implications of nesting behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 40, 99-109.

    Yamagiwa, J. (2003) Bushmeat poaching and the conservation crisis in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. S. 115-135 in: Price, S. V. (Hrsg.) War and tropical forests. New York (Food Products Press).

    Yamagiwa, J. & Basabose, A. K. (2006) Diet and seasonal changes in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees at Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Primates 47, 74-90.

    Yamagiwa, J. & Kahekwa, J. (2009) Infanticide and social flexibility in the genus Gorilla. Primates 50, 293-303.

    Yamagiwa, J. & Mwanza, N. (1994) Day-journey length and daily diet of solitary male gorillas in lowland and highland habitats. International Journal of Primatology 15, 207-224.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1989) A preliminary study on sympatric populations of Gorilla g. graueri and Pan t. schweinfurthii in eastern Zaire. Interspecies relationships of primates in the tropical and montane forests 1, 23-40.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1991) Ant eating by eastern lowland gorillas. Primates 32, 247-253.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1992) Travel distances and food habits of eastern lowland gorillas: A comparative analysis. In: Itoigawa, M. et al. (Hrsg.) Topics in Primatology Vol. 2: Behavior, ecology and conservation. Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, S. 267-281.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1993) A census of the eastern lowland gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas in the Virunga region. Biological Conservation 64, 83-89.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1994) Seasonal change in the composition of the diet of eastern lowland gorillas. Primates 35, 1-14.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (1996) Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire. S. 82-98 in: McGrew, W. et al. (Hrsg.) Great ape societies. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2003) Within-group feeding competition and socioecological factors influencing social organization of gorillas in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. S. 328-357 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (Hrsg.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2005) Diet of Grauer's gorillas in the Montane Forest of Kahuzi, Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology 26, 1345-1373.

    Yamagiwa, J. et al. (2012) Long-term research on Grauer’s gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC: life history, foraging strategies, and ecological differentiation from sympatric chimpanzees. S. 385–412 in: Kappeler, P. M. & Watts, D. P. (Hrsg.) Long-term field studies of primates. Berlin, Heidelberg (Springer).

    Yumoto, T. et al. (1989) Feeding habit of primates in the tropical forests of eastern Zaire. Interspecies relationships of primates in the tropical and montane forests 1, 41-51.

  • Mt. Tshiaberimu

    Butynski, T. M. & Sarmiento, E. E. (1995) On the brink: Gorilla of Mont Tshiaberimu, Zaire. Kenya Past and present 27 (1), 17-20.

    Kasika, L. et al. (2011) Etude de l'Influence de l'activité humaine sur les aires protégées en Territoire de Beni et Lubero: cas du mont Tshiabirimu"secteur Nord du Parc National de Virunga" en République Démocratique du Congo. Parcours et Initiatives Vol. 9, 92-124.

    Katembo Mushengezi, V. (1998) Progress report on Mt. Tshiaberimu conservation activities. Gorilla Journal 17.

    Kyungu, K. J.-C. et al. (2013) Contribution to the analysis of the viability of a small gorilla population, Gorilla beringei graueri (Hominidae, Primates), by modeling and simulations of the Mount Tshiabirimu ecosystem, Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Résumés du 26e colloque de la SFDP (Kinshasa, 4-11 Novembre, 2013). Revue de primatologie (online), 5/2013, document 24.

    Kyungu, K. J.-C. et al. (2019)Impacts des pressions anthropiques sur l'habitat de la population de gorilles de Grauer dans le Grand Paysage Virunga: comprendre les origines des pressions sur l'habitat des gorilles de Tshiabirimu (République Démocratique Du Congo). IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS).

    Ngbolua, K. et al. (2014) Phytochemical investigation and TLC screening for antioxidant activity of 24 plant species consumed by the Eastern Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla beringei ssp. graueri : Hominidae, Primates) endemic to Democratic Republic of the Congo. Journal of Advancement in Medical and Life Sciences 1 (3), 1-6.

    Sarmiento E. E. & Butynski, T. M. (1997) Population and Habitat Viability (PHV) for Gorilla gorilla beringei: Preliminary report on the Mt Tshiaberimu survey, June 28-July 17. Kampala Uganda.

    Sarmiento, E. E. & Butynski, T. M. (1998) Preliminary report on the survey of Mt. Tshiaberimu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Gorilla Conservation News 12, 10.12.

  • Virunga-Vulkane

    Aveling, C. & Aveling, R. (1989) Gorilla conservation in Zaire. Oryx 23 (2), 64-70.

    Aveling, C. & Harcourt, A. H. (1984) A census of the Virunga gorillas. Oryx 18 (1), 8-13.

    Aveling, R. & Aveling, C. (1987) Report from the Zaire gorilla conservation project. Primate Conservation 8, 162-164.

    Baumgärtel, W. (1958) The Muhavura gorillas. Primates 1, 79-83.

    Baumgärtel, W. (1959) The last British gorillas. Geographical Magazine, London, 32, 32-41.

    Baumgärtel, W. (1976) Up among the mountain gorillas. New York (Hawthorn Books).

    Beringe, R. von (1903) Bericht des Hauptmanns von Beringe über seine Expedition nach Ruanda. Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 234-235, 264-266, 296-298, 317-319.

    Bernhard, K. P. (2021) Effects of integrated conservation–development projects on unauthorized resource use in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: a mixed-methods spatio-temporal approach. Oryx 55 (4), 613-624.

    Bradley, B. J. et al. (2005) Mountain gorilla tug-of-war: silverbacks have limited control over reproduction in multimale groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102 (26), 9418-9423.

    Butynski, T. (1991) Status, distribution and conservation of the mountain gorilla in the gorilla game reserve, Uganda. Gorilla Conservation News 5, 26-27.

    Byers, A. C. & Hastings, B. (1991) Mountain gorilla mortality and climatic factors in the Parc National des Volcans, Ruhengeri Prefecture, Rwanda, 1988. Mountain research and development 11 (2), 145-151.

    Byrne, R. W. & Byrne, J. M. E. (1993) Complex leaf-gathering skills of mountain gorillas: variability and standardization. American Journal of Primatology 31, 241-261.

    Byrne, R. W. et al. (2001) Estimating the complexity of animal behaviour: how mountain gorillas eat thistles. Behaviour 138, 525-557.

    Caillaud, D. et al. (2014) Mountain Gorilla Ranging Patterns: Influence of Group Size and Group Dynamics. American Journal of Primatology 76 (8), 730-746.

    Caillaud, D. et al. (2020) Violent encounters between social units hinder the growth of a high-density mountain gorilla population. Science Advances 6 (45), eaba0724.

    Cancelliere,  E. C. et al. (2014) Minerals in the Foods Eaten by Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei). PLoS ONE 9 (11), e112117.

    Caro, T. M. (1976) Observations on the ranging behaviour and daily activity of lone silverback mountain gorillas. Anim. Behav. 24, 889-897.

    Czekala, N. & Sicotte, P. (2000) Reproductive monitoring of free-ranging female mountain gorillas by urinary hormone analysis. American Journal of Primatology 51, 209-215.

    Derby, R. N. et al. (2024) Female mountain gorillas form enduring social relationships. Animal Behaviour 213, 139-147.

    Donisthorpe, J. (1958) A pilot study of the mountain gorilla. South African Journal of Science 54, 195-217.

    Eckardt, W. et al. (2016) Weaned age variation in the Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): influential factors. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 70, 493-507.

    Eckardt, W. et al. (2019) Social and ecological factors alter stress physiology of Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Ecology and Evolution 9 (9), 5248-5259.

    Emlen, J. T. & Schaller, G. B. (1960) Distribution and status of the mountain gorilla, 1959. Zoologica New York 45, 41-52.

    Fossey, D. (1970) Making friends with mountain gorillas. National Geographical Magazine 137, 48-67.

    Fossey, D. (1971) More years with mountain gorillas. National Geographic Magazine 140, 574-585.

    Fossey, D. (1972) Vocalisations of the mountain gorilla. Animal Behaviour 20, 36-53.

    Fossey, D. (1974) Observations on the home range of one group of mountain gorillas. Animal behaviour 22, 568-581.

    Fossey, D. (1979) Development of the mountain gorilla: The first thirty-six months. In: The great apes, D. A. Hamburg & E. McCown (Hrsg.), Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, S. 139-184.

    Fossey, D. (1982) Reproduction among free-living mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology, Suppl. 1, 97-104.

    Fossey, D. (1984) Infanticide in mountain gorillas with comparative notes on chimpanzees. S. 217-235 in: Hausfater, G. & Hrdy, S. B. (Hrsg.) Infanticide. New York (Aldine).

    Fossey, D. & Harcourt, A. H. (1977) Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorillas. S. 415-447 in: Clutton-Brock, T. H. (Hrsg.) Primate ecology. London (Academic Press).

    Galbany, J. et al. (2017) Body growth and life history in wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 163, 570-590.

    Ganas, J. et al. (2008) Food preferences of wild mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 70, 927-938.

    Glowacka, H. et al. (2017) Toughness of the Virunga mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) diet across an altitudinal gradient. Am. J. Primatol. 79, e22661.

    Goldsmith, M. L. (2014): Mountain gorilla tourism as a conservation tool: have we tipped the balance? Pp. 177–198 in: Russon, A. E. & Wallis, J.: Primate Tourism: A Tool for Conservation? Cambridge ( Cambridge University Press)

    Granjon, A.-C. et al. (2020) Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Animal Conservation 23 (4), 455-465.

    Gray, M. et al. (2013) Genetic census reveals increased but uneven growth of a critically endangered mountain gorilla population. Biological Conservation 158, 230-238.

    Gray, M. et al. (2010) Censusing the mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: complete sweep method versus monitoring. African Journal of Ecology 48 (3), 588-599.

    Grebe, N. M. et al. (2022) Mountain gorillas maintain strong affiliative biases for maternal siblings despite high male reproductive skew and extensive exposure to paternal kin. eLife 11, e80820.

    Grueter, C. C. & Stoinski, T. S. (2016) Homosexual Behavior in Female Mountain Gorillas: Reflection of Dominance, Affiliation, Reconciliation or Arousal? PLoS ONE 11 (5), e0154185.

    Grueter, C. C. et al. (2013) Long-Term Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Food Availability for Endangered Mountain Gorillas in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. American Journal of Primatology 75, 267–280.

    Grueter, C. C. & Stoinski, T. S. (2016) Homosexual Behavior in Female Mountain Gorillas: Reflection of Dominance, Affiliation, Reconciliation or Arousal? PLoS ONE 11 (5), e0154185.

    Grueter, C. C. et al. (2016) Causes, mechanisms, and consequences of contest competition among female mountain gorillas in Rwanda. Behavioral Ecology 27 (3), 766-776.

    Grueter, C. C. et al. (2016) Elevated activity in adult mountain gorillas is related to consumption of bamboo shoots. Journal of Mammalogy 97 (6), 1663-1670.

    Grueter, C. C. et al. (2018) Quadratic relationships between group size and foraging efficiency in a herbivorous primate. Scientific Reports 8, 16718.

    Grueter, C. C. et al. (2019) Infant handling by female mountain gorillas: Establishing its frequency, function, and (ir)relevance for life history evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168 (4), 744-749.

    Habumuremyi, S. et al. (2016) Endocrine assessment of ovarian cycle activity in wild female mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Physiology & Behavior 157, 185–195.

    Habumuremyi, S. et al. (2018) Male-female interactions in multimale groups of mountain gorillas (advance online). American Journal of Primatology 80 (11), e22910.

    Haggblade, M. K. et al. (2019) Outcomes of Snare-Related Injuries to Endangered Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55 (2), 298-303.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1977) Virunga gorillas - the case against translocations. Oryx 13, 469-472.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1978) Activity periods and patterns of social interaction: a neglected problem. Behaviour 66, 121-135.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1978) Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Z. Tierpsych. 48, 401-420.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Contrasts between male relationships in wild gorilla groups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5, 39-49.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Social relationships among female mountain gorillas. Animal Behaviour 27, 251-264.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Social relationships between adult male and female mountain gorillas. Animal Behaviour 27, 325-342.

    Harcourt, A. H. (1979) The social relations and group structure of wild mountain gorillas. S. 187-192 in: Hamburg, D. A. & McCown, E. (Hrsg.) The great apes. Menlo Park (Benjamin/Cummings).

    Harcourt, A. H. (1981) Intermale competition and the reproductive behavior of the great apes. S. 301-318 in: Graham, C. E. (Hrsg.) Reproductive biology of the great apes. New York (Academic Press).

    Harcourt, A. H. (1989) Social influences on competitive ability: alliances and their consequences. S. 223-242 in: Standen, V. & Foley, R. A. (Hrsg.) Comparative socio-ecology. Oxford (Blackwell).

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1980) Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Suppl. 28, 59-70.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Fossey, D. (1981) The Virunga gorillas: decline of an 'island' population. African Journal of Ecology 19, 83-97.

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1983) Virunga gorilla population. African Journal of Ecology 21 (2), 139-142.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Groom, A. F. G. (1972) Gorilla census. Oryx 11, 355-363.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1978) Sexual behaviour of wild mountain gorillas. S. 611-612 in: Chivers, D. J. & Herberts, J. (Hrsg.) Recent advances in primatology Vol. 1. London (Academic Press).

    Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1981) Gorilla male relationships: can differences during immaturity lead to contrasting reproductive tactics in adulthood? Anim. Behav. 29, 206-210.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1978) Coprophagy by wild mountain gorillas. East African Wildlife Journal 16, 223-225.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1984) Gorillas' time feeding: aspects of methodology, body size, competition and diet. African Journal of Ecology 22, 207-215.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1985) Competition and cooperation in a gorilla population. National Geographic Society Research Reports 20, 321-329.

    Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1989) Functions of alliances in contests within wild gorilla groups. Behaviour 109, 176-190.

    Harcourt, A. J. & Stewart, K. J. (1996) Function and meaning of wild gorilla 'close' calls. 2. Correlations with rank and relatedness. Behaviour 133, 827-845.

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1976) Male emigration and female transfer in wild mountain gorillas. Nature 263, No. 5574, 226-227.

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1986) Vocalizations and social relationships of wild gorillas. S. 346-356 in: Taub, D. M. & King, F. A. (Hrsg.) Current perspectives in primate social dynamics. New York (Van Nostrand Reinhold).

    Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1993) Function of wild gorilla 'close' calls: I. repertoire, context and interspecific comparison. Behaviour 124, 89-122.

    Imanishi, K. (1958) Gorillas: a preliminary survey in 1958. Primates 1 (2), 73-78.

    Kawai, M. & Mizuhara, H. (1962) An ecological study on the wild mountain gorilla. Primates 2, 1-42.

    Kalpers, J. et al. (2003) Gorillas in the crossfire: population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas ove the past three decades. Oryx 37, 326-337.

    Kinani, J.-F. & Zimmerman, D. (2015) Tool Use for Food Acquisition in a Wild Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Primatology 77 (3), 353–357.

    Lukas, D. et al. (2004) Major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite variation in two populations of wild gorillas. Molecular Ecology 13, 3389-3402.

    MacKinnon, J. (1976) Mountain gorillas and bonobos. Oryx 13, 372-382.

    Mahaney, W. C. et al. (1995) Mountain gorilla geophagy: a possible seasonal behavior for dealing with the effects of dietary changes. International Journal of Primatology 16, 475-488.

    Mahaney, W. C. et al. (1990) Geophagia by mountain gorillas in the Virunga mountains, Rwanda. Primates 31, 113-120.

    McNeilage A. (1996) Ecotourism and mountain gorillas in the Virunga volcanoes. In: Taylor, V. J. (Hrsg.) The Exploitation of Mammal Populations, S. 334-344. London, Chapman & Hall.

    Mirville, M. O. et al. (2018) Factors influencing individual participation during intergroup interactions in mountain gorillas. Animal Behaviour 144, 75-86.

    Mirville, M. O. et al. (2018) Low familiarity and similar 'group strength' between opponents increase the intensity of intergroup interactions in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72, 178.

    Mirville, M. O. et al. (2020) Intragroup Behavioral Changes Following Intergroup Conflict in Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). International Journal of Primatology41, 382-400.

    Morrison, R. E. et al. (2020) Comparing measures of social complexity: larger mountain gorilla groups do not have a greater diversity of relationships. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287 (1931).

    Morrison, R. E. et al. (2022) Cascading effects of social dynamics on the reproduction, survival, and population growth of mountain gorillas. Animal Conservation.

    Morrison, R. et al. (2023) Female age and reproductive stage influence copulation patterns in mountain gorillas' variable mating system. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 77, 72.

    Morrison, R. E. et al. (2023) Multiple mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance used simultaneously in a wild ape. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 290, 20231808.

    Petrželková, K. J. et al. (2022) Ecological drivers of helminth infection patterns in the Virunga Massif mountain gorilla population. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 17, 174–184.

    Plumptre, A. J. (2003) Lessons learned from on-the-ground conservation in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. S. 71-91 in: Price, S. V. (Hrsg.) War and tropical forests. New York (Food Products Press).

    Robbins, A. M. & Robbins, M. M. (2005) Fitness consequences of dispersal decisions for male mountain gorillas. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58, 295-309.

    Robbins, A. M. et al. (2007) Maternal investment of the Virunga Mountain gorillas. Ethology 113, 235-245.

    Robbins, A. M. et al. (2021) Dissecting the two mechanisms of scramble competition among the Virunga mountain gorillas (advance online). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 75 (5), 82.

    Robbins, M. (1996) Male-male interactions in heterosexual and all-male wild mountain gorilla groups. Ethology 102, 942-965.

    Robbins, M. M. (1999) Male mating patterns in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups. Animal Behaviour 57, 1013-1020.

    Robbins, M. M. & Czekala, N. M. (1997) A preliminary investigation of urinary testosterone and cortisol levels in wild male mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 43, 51-64.

    Robbins, M. M. & Robbins, A. M. (2004) Simulation of the population dynamics and social structure of the Virunga mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 63(4), 201-223.

    Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) (2001) Mountain Gorillas. Three Decades of Research at Karisoke. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

    Robbins, M. M. et al. (2011) Extreme Conservation Leads to Recovery of the Virunga Mountain Gorillas. PLoS one 6 (6), e19788.

    Rosenbaum, S. et al. (2016) Relationships Between Adult Male and Maturing Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) Persist Across Developmental Stages and Social Upheaval. Ethology 122, 134-150.

    Rosenbaum, S. et al. (2016) Infant Mortality Risk and Paternity Certainty Are Associated with Postnatal Maternal Behavior toward Adult Male Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). PLoS ONE 11 (2): e0147441.

    Rosenbaum, S. et al. (2016) Observations of severe and lethal coalitionary attacks in wild mountain gorillas. Scientific Reports 6, 37018.

    Rosenbaum, S. et al. (2018) Caring for infants is associated with increased reproductive success for male mountain gorillas. Scientific Reports 8, 15223.

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    Sicotte, P. (1993) Inter-group encounters and female transfer in mountain gorillas on male behavior. American Journal of Primatology 30, 21-36.

    Sicotte, P. (1994) Effect of male competition on male-female relationships in bi-male groups of mountain gorillas. Ethology 97, 47-64.

    Sicotte, P. (1995) Interpositions in conflicts between males in bimale groups of mountain gorillas. Folia Primatologica 65, 14-24.

    Sicotte, P. (2000) A case study of mother-son transfer in mountain gorillas. Primates 41, 93-101.

    Sicotte, P. (2001) Female mate choice in mountain gorillas. S. 59-87 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (Hrsg.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

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    Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2009): Proximate factors influencing dispersal decisions in male mountain gorillas, Gorilla beringei beringei. Animal Behaviour 77 (5), 1155–1164.

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