Selected ReferencesBehaviour
Bernstein, I. S. (1969) A comparison of the nesting patterns among the three great apes. Pp. 393-402 in: Bourne, G. H. (ed.) The chimpanzee Vol. 1. Basel (Karger). Blom, A. et al. (2004) Behavioral responses of gorillas to habituation in the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. International Journal of Primatology 25, 179-196.
Boekhorst, I. J. A. te et al. (1990) Social structure of a group of captive lowland gorillas. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 81, 17-30. Bradley, B. J. et al. (2004) Dispersed male networks in western gorillas. Current Biology 14, 510-513. Bradley, B. J. et al. (2005) Mountain gorilla tug-of-war: silverbacks have limited control over reproduction in multimale groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102 (26), 9418-9423.
Bradley, B. J. et al. (2007) Potential for female kin associations in wild western gorillas dspite female dispersal. Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 274, 2179-2185.
Breuer, T. et al. (2005) First observation of tool use in wild gorillas. PLoS Biology 3, 2041-2043 (online e380). Brown, S. G. (1988) Play behaviour in lowland gorillas: age differences, sex differences, and possible functions. Primates 29, 219-228. Brown, S. G. et al. (1982) Notes on water-contact by a captive male lowland gorilla. Zoo Biology 1, 243-249. Brown, S. G. & Wagster, M. V. (1986) Socialization processes in a female lowland gorilla. Zoo Biology 5, 269-279. Byrne, R. W. (1995) Primate cognition: comparing problems and skills. American Journal of Primatology 37, 127-141. Byrne, R. W. (1994) Complex skills in wild mountain gorillas: techniques for gathering plant food. Pp. 51-59 in: Current Primatology Vol. 3. Strasbourg. Byrne, R. W. & Byrne, J. M. E. (1993) Complex leaf-gathering skills of mountain gorillas: variability and standardization. American Journal of Primatology 31, 241-261. Byrne, R. W. et al. (2001) Estimating the complexity of animal behaviour: how mountain gorillas eat thistles. Behaviour 138, 525-557.
Byrne, R. W. (2001) Clever hands: the food-processing skills of mountain gorillas. Pp. 293-313 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)
Carpenter, C. R. (1964) An observational study of two captive mountain gorillas. In: Carpenter, C. R. (ed.) Naturalistic behaviour of nonhuman primates. University Park (Pennsylvania University Press) Doran, D. M. & McNeilage, A. (1998) Gorilla ecology and behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 120-131. Doran, D. M. & McNeilage, A. (2001) Subspecific variation in gorilla behavior: the influence of ecological and social factors. Pp. 123-149 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)
Doran-Sheehy, D. M. et al. (2009) The strategic use of sex in wild female western gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 71, 1011-1020.
Fagot, J. & Vauclair, J. (1988) Handedness and bimanual coordination in the lowland gorilla. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 32, 89-95. Fay, M. (1989) Hand-clapping in western lowland gorillas. Mammalia 53, 457-458. Fay, J. M. et al. (1995) Leopard attack on and consumption of gorillas in the Central African Republic. Journal of human Evolution 29, 93-99.
Fischer, R. B. (1983) Maternal subgrouping in lowland gorillas. Behavioural Processes 8, 301-306. Fischer, R. B. & Nadler, R. D. (1977) Status interactions of captive lowland gorillas. Folia Primatologica 28, 122-133. Fischer, R. B. & Nadler, R. D. (1978) Affiliative, playful and homosexual interactions of adult female lowland gorillas. Primates 19, 657-664. Fossey, D. (1972) Vocalisations of the mountain gorilla. Animal Behaviour 20, 36-53. Fossey, D. (1982) Reproduction among free-living mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology, Suppl. 1, 97-104. Fossey, D. (1984) Infanticide in mountain gorillas with comparative notes on chimpanzees. Pp. 217-235 in: Hausfater, G. & Hrdy, S. B. (eds.) Infanticide. New York (Aldine). Ganas, J. & Robbins, M. M. (2005) Ranging behavior of the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: a test of the ecological constraints model. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58, 277-288.
Gomez, J. C. (1988) Social play interactions in a group of captive infant gorillas. Primate Report 19, 19-23. Gomez, J. C. (1988) Tool-use and communication as alternative strategies of problem-solving in the gorilla. Primate Report 19, 25-28. Gomez, J. C. (1990) The emergence of intentional communication as a problem-solving strategy in the gorilla. Pp. 333-355 in: Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R. (eds.) "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes. New York (Cambridge University Press). Harcourt, A. H. (1978) Activity periods and patterns of social interaction: a neglected problem. Behaviour 66, 121-135. Harcourt, A. H. (1978) Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Z. Tierpsych. 48, 401-420. Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Contrasts between male relationships in wild gorilla groups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5, 39-49. Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Social relationships among female mountain gorillas. Animal Behaviour 27, 251-264. Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Social relationships between adult male and female mountain gorillas. Animal Behaviour 27, 325-342. Harcourt, A. H. (1979) The social relations and group structure of wild mountain gorillas. Pp. 187-192 in: Hamburg, D. A. & McCown, E. (eds.) The great apes. Menlo Park (Benjamin/Cummings) Harcourt, A. H. (1981) Intermale competition and the reproductive behavior of the great apes. Pp. 301-318 in: Graham, C. E. (ed.) Reproductive biology of the great apes. New York (Academic Press). Harcourt, A. H. (1989) Social influences on competitive ability: alliances and their consequences. Pp. 223-242 in: Standen, V. & Foley, R. A. (eds.) Comparative socio-ecology. Oxford (Blackwell). Harcourt, A. H. & Greenberg, J. (2001) Do gorilla females join males to avoid infanticide? A quantitative model. Animal Behaviour 62, 905-915.
Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1980) Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Suppl. 28, 59-70. Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1978) Sexual behaviour of wild mountain gorillas. Pp. 611-612 in: Chivers, D. J. & Herberts, J. (eds.) Recent advances in primatology Vol. 1. London (Academic Press). Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1981) Gorilla male relationships: can differences during immaturity lead to contrasting reproductive tactics in adulthood? Anim. Behav. 29, 206-210. Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1985) Competition and cooperation in a gorilla population. National Geographic Society Research Reports 20, 321-329. Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1987) The influence of help in contests of dominance rank in primates, hints from gorillas. Animal Behaviour 35, 182-190. Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1989) Functions of alliances in contests within wild gorilla groups. Behaviour 109, 176-190. Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1996) Function and meaning of wild gorilla 'close' calls. 2. Correlations with rank and relatedness. Behaviour 133, 827-845. Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (2001) Vocal relationships of wild mountain gorillas. Pp. 241-262 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press). Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (2007) Gorilla society: what we know and don't know. Evolutionary Anthropology 16, 147-158. Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (2007) Gorilla society: conflict, compromise, and cooperation between the sexes. Chicago, London (University of Chicago Press).
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Robbins, M. (1996) Male-male interactions in heterosexual and all-male wild mountain gorilla groups. Ethology 102, 942-965. Robbins, M. M. (1999) Male mating patterns in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups. Animal Behaviour 57:1013-1020. Robbins, M. M. (2001) Variation in the social system of mountain gorillas: the male perspective. Pp. 29-58 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) Robbins, M. M. (2003) Behavioral aspects of sexual selection in mountain gorillas. Pp.477-501 in: Jones, C. B. (ed.) Sexual selection and reproductive competition in primates. Norman, OK (American Society of Primatologists) Robbins, M. M. & Sawyer, S. C. (2007) Intergroup encounters in mountain gorillas of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Behaviour 144, 1497-1519.
Robbins, M. M. et al. (2004) Social structure and life-history patterns in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology 64, 145-159. Schaller, G. B. (1965) The behaviour of the mountain gorilla. Pp. 324-367 in: DeVore, I. (ed.) Primate behavior. New York (Holt, Rinehart & Winston). Seyfarth, R. M. et al. (1994) The acoustic features of gorilla double grunts and their relation to behavior. American Journal of Primatology 33, 31-50. Sicotte, P. (1993) Inter-group encounters and female transfer in mountain gorillas on male behavior. American Journal of Primatology 30, 21-36. Sicotte, P. (1994) Effect of male competition on male-female relationships in bi-male groups of mountain gorillas. Ethology 97, 47-64. Sicotte, P. (1995) Interpositions in conflicts between males in bimale groups of mountain gorillas. Folia Primatologica 65, 14-24. Sicotte, P. (2000) A case study of mother-son transfer in mountain gorillas. Primates 41, 93-101. Sicotte, P. (2001) Female mate choice in mountain gorillas. Pp. 59-87 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) Sicotte, P. (2002) The function of male aggressive displays towards females in mountain gorillas. Primates 43, 277-289.
Stewart, K. J. (2001) Social relationships of immature gorillas and silverbacks. Pp. 183-213 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)
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Tilford, B. L. & Nadler, R. D. (1978) Male parental behavior in a captive group of lowland gorillas. Folia primatologica 29, 218-228. Visalberghi, E. (1986) Aspects of space representation in an infant gorilla. Pp. 445-452 in: Taub, D. M. & King, F. A. (eds.) Current perspectives in primate social dynamics. New York (Van Nostrand Reinhold). Watson, L. M. (1984) Hormone levels and overt social behaviors, including signed output, in a captive lowland gorilla. Zoo Biology 3, 285-306. Watts, D. P. (1988) Environmental influences on mountain gorilla time budgets. Amer. J. Primatol. 15, 195-211. Watts, D. P. (1989) Infanticide in mountain gorillas: New cases and a reconsideration of the evidence. Ethology 81, 1-18. Watts, D. P. (1990) Social relationships of immigrate female mountain gorillas. Amer. J. phys. Anthropol. 81:314-315 Watts, D. P. (1990) Mountain gorilla life histories, reproductive competition, and sociosexual behavior and some implications for captive husbandry. Zoo Biology 9, 185-200. Watts, D. P. (1991) Mountain gorilla reproduction and sexual behavior. American Journal of Primatology 24, 211-225. Watts, D. P. (1991) Harassment of immigrant female mountain gorillas by resident females. Ethology 89:135-153. Watts, D. P. (1992) Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountain gorillas. I. male-female relationships. American Journal of Primatology 28, 159-181. Watts, D. P. (1994) Agonistic relationships between female mountain gorillas. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 334, 347-358. Watts, D. P. (1994) Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountaing gorillas. II. relatedness, residence, and relationships between females. American Journal of Primatology 32, 13-30. Watts, D. P. (1994) The influence of male mating tactics on habitat use in mountain gorillas. Primates 35, 35-47. Watts, D. P. (1995) Post-conflict social events in wild mountain gorillas. I. social interactions between opponents. Ethology 100, 139-157. Watts, D. P. (1995) Post-conflict social events in wild mountain gorillas. II. redirection, side direction, and consolation. Ethology 100, 158-174. Watts, D. P. (1997) Agonistic interventions in wild mountain gorilla groups. Behaviour 134, 23-57. Watts, D. P. (1998) A preliminary study of selective visual attention in female mountain gorillas. Primates 39, 71-78. Watts, D. P. (2001) Social relationships of female mountain gorillas. Pp. 215-240 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) Watts, D. P. (2003) Gorilla social relationships: a comparative overview. Pp. 302-327 in: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press). Weiche, I. (2006) Social relationships in captive gorilla females. Göttingen (Cuvillier Verlag). Wittiger, L. & Sunderland-Groves J. L. (2007) Tool use during display behavior in wild Cross River gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 69, 1307-1311.
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